NURS 5315: Advanced Pathophysiology
2026 UTA Exam 1 (2026) Questions &
Answers | 100% Verified solutions
UPDATE |2026!! STUDY GUIDE EXAM
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? -CORRECTANSWER Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD,
DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? -CORRECTANSWER Antioxidants (Vitamin
E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? -CORRECTANSWER 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential -CORRECTANSWER Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
,Threshold potential -CORRECTANSWER Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials -CORRECTANSWER HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness,
smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials -CORRECTANSWER HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials -CORRECTANSWER Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials -CORRECTANSWER Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy -CORRECTANSWER Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell
has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
, supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are
alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples -CORRECTANSWER Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy -CORRECTANSWER Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase
in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples -CORRECTANSWER physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia -CORRECTANSWER Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell
division).
Hyperplasia examples -CORRECTANSWER 1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
2026 UTA Exam 1 (2026) Questions &
Answers | 100% Verified solutions
UPDATE |2026!! STUDY GUIDE EXAM
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? -CORRECTANSWER Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD,
DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? -CORRECTANSWER Antioxidants (Vitamin
E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? -CORRECTANSWER 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential -CORRECTANSWER Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
,Threshold potential -CORRECTANSWER Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials -CORRECTANSWER HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness,
smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials -CORRECTANSWER HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials -CORRECTANSWER Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials -CORRECTANSWER Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy -CORRECTANSWER Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell
has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
, supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are
alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples -CORRECTANSWER Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy -CORRECTANSWER Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase
in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples -CORRECTANSWER physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia -CORRECTANSWER Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell
division).
Hyperplasia examples -CORRECTANSWER 1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
