INSTRUMENTATION EXAM 1 | GUARANTEED
SUCCESS STARTS HERE! LEARN, PRACTICE &
EXCEL!
Define Preanalytical Answer: Preanalytical: processes errors and potential causes of error
when getting patient sample
before actual testing: Ordering, collection, transport, preservatives
--most lab errors occur in the preanalytical stage
- specimen processing is the last preanalytical step
preanalytic procedures before testing Answer: · Ensure appropriate testing ordering
· Specimen collection, transport, storage and handling are appropriate
· Patient education, preparation, and instructions
· Procedures for handling inappropriate or unacceptable specimens
· Documentation of any problems or unusual situations
· Accurate up to date, available procedure manuals
· Adequate personnel training and supervision
· Timely result reporting needs to be done as a delay in specimen transport and processing
affects specimen turnaround time (TAT)
Define Analytic Answer: performing the actual testing; encompasses the analysis of the
specimen and generation of test results
-Testing the serum, plasma, whole blood etc.
- Make sure preservatives are not expired, old, crusty, etc
-equipment/instrumentation
-reagents and supplies
Define postanalytical Answer: refers to the laboratory verification of test results and the
reporting of the results to the physician;
--result evaluation, reporting, documentation:
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
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,reporting
- getting results in patients chart
documentation
- document when you gave the Dr. the test results
- policies and procedures that affect reporting and interpretation of results
postanalytical Answer: · Reporting results
· Result sent to specific location
· Report timing (on time, delayed, incomplete)
Define accuracy Answer: how close a measurement is to the true value
examples of accuracy and what is not accurate results Answer: o Ex. 100.00g weight vs
98.89g weight
--100g is accurate and other is not
o 100mg per deciliter of glucose for glucose testing
--1% off is okay 10% off is not okay
o Standardize it by having material that's perfectly measurable (Accurate enough) and then
test against the values
Define precision Answer: how close a series of measurements are to one another; how
reproducible (repeatable) the test results are, repeatability: closeness of agreement
between results of successive measurements carried out under the same conditions.
reproducibility, the closeness of agreement between results of measurements performed
under changed conditions.
Define universal precautions Answer: a standard set of guidelines to prevent the
transmission of bloodborne pathogens from exposure to blood and other potentially
infectious materials
Define buffer Answer: a system of a weak acid and its conjugate based (or weak base and
its conjugate acid) where they resist pH changes
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Answer: Protective equipment that blocks exposure
to a pathogen or a hazardous material.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,-these are the safety items that protect the individual student or lab worker
Examples of PPE items Answer: lab coats
safety glasses/goggles/face shields
gloves
masks or respirators
What are the specific uses of:
lab coats
safety glasses/goggles/face shields
gloves
masks or respirators Answer: lab coats: protect you and your clothing
safety glasses/goggles/face shields: these protect your eyes and/or face from splashing;
mucus membranes
gloves: Nitrile (worn in lab) or latex gloves protect your hands from biohazardous materials
--Chemical handling gloves are used for protection when working with hazardous
chemicals
masks or respirators: are used for mouth and respiratory protection in certain biohazard or
chemical hazard situations
--working with TB samples
What are work practice controls? Answer: Behaviors
actions that employees take that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner
in which the task is performed.
work practice control behaviors: Answer: These are Behaviors, such as the following safety
rules:
· Never take PPE out of lab
· Wear close-toed shoes
· Keep jewelry to a minimum
· Keep hair back
· Don’t wear contact lenses in the lab
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, · Don’t handle food, drink, cosmetics or lip gloss
· Never pipette by mouth
· Wash your hands frequently before leaving the lab
· Labeling chemicals
What are engineering controls? Answer: design factors for equipment
-a device, piece of equipment, or technology that removes or isolates a hazard in the
workplace
Examples of engineering controls Answer: · Fume hoods
- used to protect against hazardous chemical vapors or dust
· Storage cabinets
· Safety can
· Safety carrier
· Gas cylinder support or clamp
· Venipuncture equipment safety features
What is a safety data sheet (SDS)? Answer: This is a document provided by a manufacturer
containing information about the physical and chemical makeup of a substance, proper
storage and handling procedures, health and physical hazards, and other safety issues.
What are the items included on a SDS? Answer: 1. The identity used on the label.
2. Chemical and common names - may be the same as #1.
3. Physical and chemical characteristics of the hazardous ingredients (e.g., flash point,
appearance and odor).
4. Physical hazards (e.g., combustible, unstable).
5. Health hazards (e.g., corrosive) plus signs and symptoms of exposure and medical
conditions
aggravated by exposure.
6. Primary route(s) of entry (e.g., inhalation).
7. Air exposure limits (e.g., PEL, TLV).
8. Carcinogenicity.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
SUCCESS STARTS HERE! LEARN, PRACTICE &
EXCEL!
Define Preanalytical Answer: Preanalytical: processes errors and potential causes of error
when getting patient sample
before actual testing: Ordering, collection, transport, preservatives
--most lab errors occur in the preanalytical stage
- specimen processing is the last preanalytical step
preanalytic procedures before testing Answer: · Ensure appropriate testing ordering
· Specimen collection, transport, storage and handling are appropriate
· Patient education, preparation, and instructions
· Procedures for handling inappropriate or unacceptable specimens
· Documentation of any problems or unusual situations
· Accurate up to date, available procedure manuals
· Adequate personnel training and supervision
· Timely result reporting needs to be done as a delay in specimen transport and processing
affects specimen turnaround time (TAT)
Define Analytic Answer: performing the actual testing; encompasses the analysis of the
specimen and generation of test results
-Testing the serum, plasma, whole blood etc.
- Make sure preservatives are not expired, old, crusty, etc
-equipment/instrumentation
-reagents and supplies
Define postanalytical Answer: refers to the laboratory verification of test results and the
reporting of the results to the physician;
--result evaluation, reporting, documentation:
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,reporting
- getting results in patients chart
documentation
- document when you gave the Dr. the test results
- policies and procedures that affect reporting and interpretation of results
postanalytical Answer: · Reporting results
· Result sent to specific location
· Report timing (on time, delayed, incomplete)
Define accuracy Answer: how close a measurement is to the true value
examples of accuracy and what is not accurate results Answer: o Ex. 100.00g weight vs
98.89g weight
--100g is accurate and other is not
o 100mg per deciliter of glucose for glucose testing
--1% off is okay 10% off is not okay
o Standardize it by having material that's perfectly measurable (Accurate enough) and then
test against the values
Define precision Answer: how close a series of measurements are to one another; how
reproducible (repeatable) the test results are, repeatability: closeness of agreement
between results of successive measurements carried out under the same conditions.
reproducibility, the closeness of agreement between results of measurements performed
under changed conditions.
Define universal precautions Answer: a standard set of guidelines to prevent the
transmission of bloodborne pathogens from exposure to blood and other potentially
infectious materials
Define buffer Answer: a system of a weak acid and its conjugate based (or weak base and
its conjugate acid) where they resist pH changes
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Answer: Protective equipment that blocks exposure
to a pathogen or a hazardous material.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,-these are the safety items that protect the individual student or lab worker
Examples of PPE items Answer: lab coats
safety glasses/goggles/face shields
gloves
masks or respirators
What are the specific uses of:
lab coats
safety glasses/goggles/face shields
gloves
masks or respirators Answer: lab coats: protect you and your clothing
safety glasses/goggles/face shields: these protect your eyes and/or face from splashing;
mucus membranes
gloves: Nitrile (worn in lab) or latex gloves protect your hands from biohazardous materials
--Chemical handling gloves are used for protection when working with hazardous
chemicals
masks or respirators: are used for mouth and respiratory protection in certain biohazard or
chemical hazard situations
--working with TB samples
What are work practice controls? Answer: Behaviors
actions that employees take that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner
in which the task is performed.
work practice control behaviors: Answer: These are Behaviors, such as the following safety
rules:
· Never take PPE out of lab
· Wear close-toed shoes
· Keep jewelry to a minimum
· Keep hair back
· Don’t wear contact lenses in the lab
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
, · Don’t handle food, drink, cosmetics or lip gloss
· Never pipette by mouth
· Wash your hands frequently before leaving the lab
· Labeling chemicals
What are engineering controls? Answer: design factors for equipment
-a device, piece of equipment, or technology that removes or isolates a hazard in the
workplace
Examples of engineering controls Answer: · Fume hoods
- used to protect against hazardous chemical vapors or dust
· Storage cabinets
· Safety can
· Safety carrier
· Gas cylinder support or clamp
· Venipuncture equipment safety features
What is a safety data sheet (SDS)? Answer: This is a document provided by a manufacturer
containing information about the physical and chemical makeup of a substance, proper
storage and handling procedures, health and physical hazards, and other safety issues.
What are the items included on a SDS? Answer: 1. The identity used on the label.
2. Chemical and common names - may be the same as #1.
3. Physical and chemical characteristics of the hazardous ingredients (e.g., flash point,
appearance and odor).
4. Physical hazards (e.g., combustible, unstable).
5. Health hazards (e.g., corrosive) plus signs and symptoms of exposure and medical
conditions
aggravated by exposure.
6. Primary route(s) of entry (e.g., inhalation).
7. Air exposure limits (e.g., PEL, TLV).
8. Carcinogenicity.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
