PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
FULL SOLUTION.
⫸ moral standing. Answer: the status of being worthy of moral
consideration in decision-making
⫸ instrumental good. Answer: something valued for its usefulness in
achieving something else
⫸ intrinsic good. Answer: something that is valuable in itself, not just as
a means to achieve other things
⫸ Mohism. Answer: a philosophical tradition from ancient China that
emphasizes universal love and practical benefits for society
⫸ utilitarianism. Answer: a belief in doing what will produce the
greatest good for the greatest number of people
⫸ act utilitarianism. Answer: a version of utilitarianism that says each
act should be judged right or wrong based on whether it maximizes
happiness
, ⫸ rule utilitarianism. Answer: a version of utilitarianism that supports
rules that, if followed, lead to the greatest good for the most people
⫸ formula of universal law. Answer: a rule stating that you should only
act in ways that could be applied to everyone everywhere.
⫸ universally. Answer: in a way that applies to all cases or situations
without exception
⫸ formula of humanity. Answer: a principle that you should treat people
as valuable in themselves and never merely as a means to an end
⫸ prima facie. Answer: a term that means "at first glance;" it refers to
duties that seem required unless a more important duty overrides them
⫸ duty ethics. Answer: a type of ethics focused on fulfilling obligations
that are determined by a set of rules or moral reasons
⫸ moral imperative. Answer: a strong ethical command or rule that
guides actions; these can be either conditional or absolute in Kant's
philosophy