NU 578 UNIT 4 QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY
GRADED A+, 2025/2026 AND VERIFIED
BY PROFESSORS
1. Insulin is synthesized in which location within the pancreas?
• A) Alpha cells
• B) Beta cells within the islets of Langerhans
• C) Delta cells
• D) Pancreatic duct cells
Rationale: Insulin is synthesized in the beta cells located within the islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas. Alpha cells produce glucagon, delta cells produce
somatostatin, and pancreatic duct cells are not involved in hormone production.
2. What is the primary stimulus for insulin release?
• A) Decreased blood glucose
• B) Rise in blood sugar following a meal
• C) Increased physical activity
• D) Stress response
Rationale: Insulin is released in response to rising blood glucose levels, typically
after eating a meal. This triggers the beta cells to release insulin to facilitate
glucose uptake into cells and promote storage of excess glucose.
3. Insulin structure consists of:
, • A) One amino acid chain with one disulfide bridge
• B) Two amino acid chains (acidic A chain and basic B chain) linked by
two disulfide bridges
• C) Three amino acid chains linked by peptide bonds
• D) A single polypeptide chain
Rationale: Insulin is composed of two amino acid chains: an acidic A chain and a
basic B chain. These chains are linked together by two disulfide bridges, which are
essential for the hormone's biological activity.
4. Which of the following is an anabolic action of insulin?
• A) Glycogen breakdown to glucose
• B) Promotion of glucose conversion to glycogen
• C) Protein breakdown to amino acids
• D) Fat breakdown to glycerol
Rationale: Insulin promotes anabolic reactions that conserve energy and build up
energy stores. This includes converting glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis),
assembling amino acids into proteins, and converting fatty acids into triglycerides.
5. In insulin deficiency, which metabolic process occurs?
• A) Glucose converted to glycogen
• B) Amino acids assembled into proteins
• C) Glycogen broken down to glucose
• D) Fatty acids converted to triglycerides
Rationale: In insulin deficiency, catabolic reactions dominate. Glycogen is broken
down to glucose (glycogenolysis), proteins are broken down to amino acids, and
fats are broken down to glycerol and fatty acids, leading to elevated blood glucose
and ketone production.
,6. Which patient population ALWAYS requires insulin therapy?
• A) Patients with type 1 diabetes
• B) Patients with type 2 diabetes
• C) Patients with gestational diabetes
• D) Patients with prediabetes
Rationale: Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 diabetes because their
bodies no longer produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells. It is
also used in many patients with type 2 diabetes, but not all.
7. Insulin promotes the conversion of fatty acids into:
• A) Glucose
• B) Triglycerides
• C) Amino acids
• D) Ketones
Rationale: Insulin promotes the storage of fatty acids as triglycerides in adipose
tissue. This is an anabolic process that builds up energy stores.
8. What happens to amino acids in the presence of insulin?
• A) Broken down to glucose
• B) Assembled into proteins
• C) Converted to fatty acids
• D) Excreted by the kidneys
Rationale: Insulin promotes the assembly of amino acids into proteins, facilitating
protein synthesis and tissue building. This is an important anabolic effect of
insulin.
, 9. Which metabolic effect is characteristic of insulin deficiency regarding
proteins?
• A) Proteins assembled into amino acids
• B) Proteins broken down to amino acids
• C) Proteins stored in muscle tissue
• D) Proteins converted to glucose
Rationale: Insulin deficiency leads to protein catabolism, where proteins are
broken down into amino acids. This contributes to muscle wasting and negative
nitrogen balance in uncontrolled diabetes.
10. Insulin is classified as a(n):
• A) Steroid hormone
• B) Peptide hormone
• C) Protein hormone consisting of two chains
• D) Amino acid derivative
Rationale: Insulin is a protein hormone composed of two amino acid chains
connected by disulfide bridges. It is not a steroid hormone (which are lipid-based)
or an amino acid derivative.
11. Insulin release is triggered by:
• A) Fasting state
• B) Eating a meal
• C) Exercise
• D) Sleep
Rationale: Blood sugar rises after eating a meal, which stimulates the beta cells of
the pancreas to release insulin. This is the primary physiologic trigger for insulin
secretion.
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY
GRADED A+, 2025/2026 AND VERIFIED
BY PROFESSORS
1. Insulin is synthesized in which location within the pancreas?
• A) Alpha cells
• B) Beta cells within the islets of Langerhans
• C) Delta cells
• D) Pancreatic duct cells
Rationale: Insulin is synthesized in the beta cells located within the islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas. Alpha cells produce glucagon, delta cells produce
somatostatin, and pancreatic duct cells are not involved in hormone production.
2. What is the primary stimulus for insulin release?
• A) Decreased blood glucose
• B) Rise in blood sugar following a meal
• C) Increased physical activity
• D) Stress response
Rationale: Insulin is released in response to rising blood glucose levels, typically
after eating a meal. This triggers the beta cells to release insulin to facilitate
glucose uptake into cells and promote storage of excess glucose.
3. Insulin structure consists of:
, • A) One amino acid chain with one disulfide bridge
• B) Two amino acid chains (acidic A chain and basic B chain) linked by
two disulfide bridges
• C) Three amino acid chains linked by peptide bonds
• D) A single polypeptide chain
Rationale: Insulin is composed of two amino acid chains: an acidic A chain and a
basic B chain. These chains are linked together by two disulfide bridges, which are
essential for the hormone's biological activity.
4. Which of the following is an anabolic action of insulin?
• A) Glycogen breakdown to glucose
• B) Promotion of glucose conversion to glycogen
• C) Protein breakdown to amino acids
• D) Fat breakdown to glycerol
Rationale: Insulin promotes anabolic reactions that conserve energy and build up
energy stores. This includes converting glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis),
assembling amino acids into proteins, and converting fatty acids into triglycerides.
5. In insulin deficiency, which metabolic process occurs?
• A) Glucose converted to glycogen
• B) Amino acids assembled into proteins
• C) Glycogen broken down to glucose
• D) Fatty acids converted to triglycerides
Rationale: In insulin deficiency, catabolic reactions dominate. Glycogen is broken
down to glucose (glycogenolysis), proteins are broken down to amino acids, and
fats are broken down to glycerol and fatty acids, leading to elevated blood glucose
and ketone production.
,6. Which patient population ALWAYS requires insulin therapy?
• A) Patients with type 1 diabetes
• B) Patients with type 2 diabetes
• C) Patients with gestational diabetes
• D) Patients with prediabetes
Rationale: Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 diabetes because their
bodies no longer produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells. It is
also used in many patients with type 2 diabetes, but not all.
7. Insulin promotes the conversion of fatty acids into:
• A) Glucose
• B) Triglycerides
• C) Amino acids
• D) Ketones
Rationale: Insulin promotes the storage of fatty acids as triglycerides in adipose
tissue. This is an anabolic process that builds up energy stores.
8. What happens to amino acids in the presence of insulin?
• A) Broken down to glucose
• B) Assembled into proteins
• C) Converted to fatty acids
• D) Excreted by the kidneys
Rationale: Insulin promotes the assembly of amino acids into proteins, facilitating
protein synthesis and tissue building. This is an important anabolic effect of
insulin.
, 9. Which metabolic effect is characteristic of insulin deficiency regarding
proteins?
• A) Proteins assembled into amino acids
• B) Proteins broken down to amino acids
• C) Proteins stored in muscle tissue
• D) Proteins converted to glucose
Rationale: Insulin deficiency leads to protein catabolism, where proteins are
broken down into amino acids. This contributes to muscle wasting and negative
nitrogen balance in uncontrolled diabetes.
10. Insulin is classified as a(n):
• A) Steroid hormone
• B) Peptide hormone
• C) Protein hormone consisting of two chains
• D) Amino acid derivative
Rationale: Insulin is a protein hormone composed of two amino acid chains
connected by disulfide bridges. It is not a steroid hormone (which are lipid-based)
or an amino acid derivative.
11. Insulin release is triggered by:
• A) Fasting state
• B) Eating a meal
• C) Exercise
• D) Sleep
Rationale: Blood sugar rises after eating a meal, which stimulates the beta cells of
the pancreas to release insulin. This is the primary physiologic trigger for insulin
secretion.
