CISSN Exam study guide Questions and
Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
1. Explain how carnosine is -Beta-alanine + l-histidine + ATP >
synthesized within the body. carnosine + AMP +
diphosphate
-Via carnosine synthase
2. What is a waxy maize starch - A very slow digesting starch (lots of
and amylose).
what effect does it have on blood - Leads to lower glucose and insulin
glucose? responses
3. Based on recent studies, which - Vitamin D
vitamin shows evidence of
positively
affecting muscle function?
4. What is needed for - Glycerol + amino acids (alanine and/or
gluconeogenesis in humans? Give glutamine)
examples of gluconeogenic + lactate/pyruvate.
precursors - Pyruvate decarboxylase
5. What effect does long-term - Lowers risk of type II diabetes
coffee consumption have on Type
II
Diabetes?
,6. What effect does supplementing - Attenuates catabolism and promotes
with WPI have on muscle protein
damage? synthesis
7. When glycogen stores are - Fat, specifically blood TAG
depleted, what macronutrient
becomes the predominant fuel
source during distance running?
8. How many extra kcals are - 3500
required
for accumulation of 1 kg of body
fat?
9. What are the effects of pre- - Dehydration > worse thermoregulation.
exercise dehydration on - Problems start as low as 1% of body
thermoregulation and exercise weight,
performance? strength, endurance, fine motor skills,
mental
performance.
- Cramps and fatigue @ 4%, stroke and
big
problems at 6%
10. What are the effects of - Increased time to exhaustion under mild
l-alanyl-l- dehydration stress
glutamine supplementation on
time-
to-exhaustion and dehydration
stress?
, 11. What effects can a low- - Less glycogen > significant disadvantage
carbohydrate diet have on for
prolonged physical activity? exercise lasting >90m
12. Approximately how many days - 10-14 days
of
heat exposure does it take to fully
acclimate to exercising in the
heat?
13. What is HICA and what are the - Led to small increase in muscle mass
effects of its supplementation for a among
period of 4 weeks? actively training soccer players
14. What is a BOD POD? - Body composition device that measures
the
differences in pressure to calculate body
density
and thus body fat%
15. Compare fat and carbohydrate - More intensity, shorter duration >
oxidation during exercise. Under carbohydrate.
what conditions does one fuel - Longer duration, lower intensity> fat.
source predominate over the - VLCKD can influence preferred substrate
other?
16. What effect does betaine - Improves power, force, and ability to
supplementation have on exercise sustain both
performance?
Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
1. Explain how carnosine is -Beta-alanine + l-histidine + ATP >
synthesized within the body. carnosine + AMP +
diphosphate
-Via carnosine synthase
2. What is a waxy maize starch - A very slow digesting starch (lots of
and amylose).
what effect does it have on blood - Leads to lower glucose and insulin
glucose? responses
3. Based on recent studies, which - Vitamin D
vitamin shows evidence of
positively
affecting muscle function?
4. What is needed for - Glycerol + amino acids (alanine and/or
gluconeogenesis in humans? Give glutamine)
examples of gluconeogenic + lactate/pyruvate.
precursors - Pyruvate decarboxylase
5. What effect does long-term - Lowers risk of type II diabetes
coffee consumption have on Type
II
Diabetes?
,6. What effect does supplementing - Attenuates catabolism and promotes
with WPI have on muscle protein
damage? synthesis
7. When glycogen stores are - Fat, specifically blood TAG
depleted, what macronutrient
becomes the predominant fuel
source during distance running?
8. How many extra kcals are - 3500
required
for accumulation of 1 kg of body
fat?
9. What are the effects of pre- - Dehydration > worse thermoregulation.
exercise dehydration on - Problems start as low as 1% of body
thermoregulation and exercise weight,
performance? strength, endurance, fine motor skills,
mental
performance.
- Cramps and fatigue @ 4%, stroke and
big
problems at 6%
10. What are the effects of - Increased time to exhaustion under mild
l-alanyl-l- dehydration stress
glutamine supplementation on
time-
to-exhaustion and dehydration
stress?
, 11. What effects can a low- - Less glycogen > significant disadvantage
carbohydrate diet have on for
prolonged physical activity? exercise lasting >90m
12. Approximately how many days - 10-14 days
of
heat exposure does it take to fully
acclimate to exercising in the
heat?
13. What is HICA and what are the - Led to small increase in muscle mass
effects of its supplementation for a among
period of 4 weeks? actively training soccer players
14. What is a BOD POD? - Body composition device that measures
the
differences in pressure to calculate body
density
and thus body fat%
15. Compare fat and carbohydrate - More intensity, shorter duration >
oxidation during exercise. Under carbohydrate.
what conditions does one fuel - Longer duration, lower intensity> fat.
source predominate over the - VLCKD can influence preferred substrate
other?
16. What effect does betaine - Improves power, force, and ability to
supplementation have on exercise sustain both
performance?
