N212 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY
GUIDE 2026| Eastwick College | 120
Correct Question And Answers
### Question 1
A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of which cellular adaptive response?
- A) Atrophy
- B) Hypertrophy
- C) Hyperplasia
- D) Metaplasia
**Answer: B) Hypertrophy**
**Rationale:** Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size resulting in an
enlarged organ. The heart responds to increased afterload (high
blood pressure) by increasing the size of myocardial cells, not the
number (which would be hyperplasia) .
---
### Question 2
,A patient with liver cirrhosis has jaundice due to accumulation of
bilirubin. This is an example of:
- A) Cellular atrophy
- B) Pathologic calcification
- C) Intracellular accumulation
- D) Coagulative necrosis
**Answer: C) Intracellular accumulation**
**Rationale:** Bilirubin accumulates in hepatocytes and spills into
the blood when the liver cannot conjugate or excrete it. This is a form
of intracellular accumulation leading to jaundice .
---
### Question 3
The reduction in size of a muscle after prolonged immobilization in a
cast is called:
- A) Hypertrophy
- B) Atrophy
- C) Dysplasia
- D) Metaplasia
**Answer: B) Atrophy**
,**Rationale:** Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number due to
reduced workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, or
inadequate nutrition. Disuse atrophy is common in immobilized limbs
.
---
### Question 4
A patient with chronic GERD develops Barrett's esophagus. This is an
example of:
- A) Atrophy
- B) Hyperplasia
- C) Metaplasia
- D) Dysplasia
**Answer: C) Metaplasia**
**Rationale:** Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
mature cell type with another. In Barrett's esophagus, the normal
squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar (intestinal-type)
epithelium in response to chronic acid injury .
---
### Question 5
Which of the following best describes coagulative necrosis?
, - A) Liquefaction of tissue due to bacterial infection
- B) Preservation of cellular architecture with loss of nuclei,
commonly seen in myocardial infarction
- C) Cheesy, granular appearance due to tuberculous infection
- D) Fat necrosis with saponification
**Answer: B) Preservation of cellular architecture with loss of nuclei,
commonly seen in myocardial infarction**
**Rationale:** Coagulative necrosis occurs in all tissues except the
brain due to ischemic injury. The outline of cells remains visible for
days because lysosomal enzymes are denatured .
---
### Question 6
Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
- A) Always causes a significant inflammatory response
- B) Is a pathologic process only
- C) Is programmed cell death that does not elicit inflammation
- D) Is caused by ischemia
**Answer: C) Is programmed cell death that does not elicit
inflammation**
GUIDE 2026| Eastwick College | 120
Correct Question And Answers
### Question 1
A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of which cellular adaptive response?
- A) Atrophy
- B) Hypertrophy
- C) Hyperplasia
- D) Metaplasia
**Answer: B) Hypertrophy**
**Rationale:** Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size resulting in an
enlarged organ. The heart responds to increased afterload (high
blood pressure) by increasing the size of myocardial cells, not the
number (which would be hyperplasia) .
---
### Question 2
,A patient with liver cirrhosis has jaundice due to accumulation of
bilirubin. This is an example of:
- A) Cellular atrophy
- B) Pathologic calcification
- C) Intracellular accumulation
- D) Coagulative necrosis
**Answer: C) Intracellular accumulation**
**Rationale:** Bilirubin accumulates in hepatocytes and spills into
the blood when the liver cannot conjugate or excrete it. This is a form
of intracellular accumulation leading to jaundice .
---
### Question 3
The reduction in size of a muscle after prolonged immobilization in a
cast is called:
- A) Hypertrophy
- B) Atrophy
- C) Dysplasia
- D) Metaplasia
**Answer: B) Atrophy**
,**Rationale:** Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number due to
reduced workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, or
inadequate nutrition. Disuse atrophy is common in immobilized limbs
.
---
### Question 4
A patient with chronic GERD develops Barrett's esophagus. This is an
example of:
- A) Atrophy
- B) Hyperplasia
- C) Metaplasia
- D) Dysplasia
**Answer: C) Metaplasia**
**Rationale:** Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
mature cell type with another. In Barrett's esophagus, the normal
squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar (intestinal-type)
epithelium in response to chronic acid injury .
---
### Question 5
Which of the following best describes coagulative necrosis?
, - A) Liquefaction of tissue due to bacterial infection
- B) Preservation of cellular architecture with loss of nuclei,
commonly seen in myocardial infarction
- C) Cheesy, granular appearance due to tuberculous infection
- D) Fat necrosis with saponification
**Answer: B) Preservation of cellular architecture with loss of nuclei,
commonly seen in myocardial infarction**
**Rationale:** Coagulative necrosis occurs in all tissues except the
brain due to ischemic injury. The outline of cells remains visible for
days because lysosomal enzymes are denatured .
---
### Question 6
Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
- A) Always causes a significant inflammatory response
- B) Is a pathologic process only
- C) Is programmed cell death that does not elicit inflammation
- D) Is caused by ischemia
**Answer: C) Is programmed cell death that does not elicit
inflammation**
