NUR 355 Final Exam 2026
Expert Verifed Ace the Test
Capillary Exchange - Manifestations - ANSWER ✔✔Fluid moves into
and out of capillaries and the surrounding interstitial fluid according to
hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and capillary permeability.
Hydrostatic pressure is a "push force". When the pressure from fluid
volume in one fluid compartment is higher than in the neighboring fluid
compartment, the compartment with higher pressure (higher hydrostatic
pressure) will "push" fluid into the neighboring compartment. Osmotic
pressure is a "pull" force. Osmotic pressure depends on the
,concentration of solutes in fluid compartments. If there is a high
concentration of solute in one compartment compared to the neighboring
fluid compartment, fluid will be "pulled" into the compartment with more
solute (the compartment with higher osmotic pressure). Changes to
capillary permeability alter the impact of hydrostatic and osmostic forces.
Increased capillary permeability increases ability of fluid to move out of
capillary.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - PATHO - ANSWER ✔✔A cellular
growth that's no longer responding to body controls. The cells continue
to grow even when there is no longer a need for them to do so. This
deprives other cells of nutrients. Normal organization, growth inhibition,
contact controls, and cell-cell communication are absent. this expanding
mass compresses nearby blood vessels, leading to necrosis and an
inflammation around the tumor as well as increasing pressure on
surrounding structures.Benign tumors usually consist of differentiated
cells that reproduce at a higher than normal rate. It is often encapsulated
and expands but does not spread (metasize). Malignant tumors are
usually made up of undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not
appear organized. They often show abnormal mitotic figures. They
infiltrate or spread into surrounding tissues and may easily metastasize
or break away to spread to other organs and structures.
,Benign vs Malignant tumors - Manifestations - ANSWER ✔✔1.
Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
2. change in bowel or bladder habits
3. change in a wart or a mole
4. a sore that does not heal
5. unexplained weight loss
6. anemia, low hemoglobin, or persistent fatigue
7. persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
8. a solid lump, often painless.- Pain is not normally a symptom until the
tumor is in its advanced stages.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Complications - ANSWER ✔✔- With
any tumor, tissue damage can result from compression of adjacent
structures such as blood vessels, which leads to necrosis.- Pain (once in
advanced stages)- obstruction of ducts, tubes, vessels, or tracts- tissue
necrosis may lead to infection around the tumor or ulceration- weight
loss and cachexia- anemia or severe fatigue- bleeding- paraneoplastic
syndromes
A tumor can obstruct the following structures:
(Select all that apply)A. Lymphatic ducts
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, B. Digestive Tract
C. Blood vessels
D. Bronchial ducts
E. Nerve conduction - ANSWER ✔✔ALL - Every one of these has
been proven to be obstructed by a neoplastic tumor at some point.
Hypertension - PATHO - ANSWER ✔✔Mechanisms: In essential
hypertension, there is an increase in arteriolar vasoconstriction. A slight
decrease in the diameter of the arterioles causes a major increase in
peripheral resistance, reduces the capacity of the system, and increases
the diastolic pressure or afterload substantially.
Causes: High sodium intake, excess alcohol intake, obesity, prolonged
stress.
Risk factors: Incidence increases with age. Men are more frequently
affected. African Americans have a higher incidence.
Hypertension - Manifestations - ANSWER ✔✔Hypertension is
frequently asymptomatic in the early stages and signs are vague and
nonspecific. These vague signs can be: fatigue, malaise, morning
headache
Expert Verifed Ace the Test
Capillary Exchange - Manifestations - ANSWER ✔✔Fluid moves into
and out of capillaries and the surrounding interstitial fluid according to
hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and capillary permeability.
Hydrostatic pressure is a "push force". When the pressure from fluid
volume in one fluid compartment is higher than in the neighboring fluid
compartment, the compartment with higher pressure (higher hydrostatic
pressure) will "push" fluid into the neighboring compartment. Osmotic
pressure is a "pull" force. Osmotic pressure depends on the
,concentration of solutes in fluid compartments. If there is a high
concentration of solute in one compartment compared to the neighboring
fluid compartment, fluid will be "pulled" into the compartment with more
solute (the compartment with higher osmotic pressure). Changes to
capillary permeability alter the impact of hydrostatic and osmostic forces.
Increased capillary permeability increases ability of fluid to move out of
capillary.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - PATHO - ANSWER ✔✔A cellular
growth that's no longer responding to body controls. The cells continue
to grow even when there is no longer a need for them to do so. This
deprives other cells of nutrients. Normal organization, growth inhibition,
contact controls, and cell-cell communication are absent. this expanding
mass compresses nearby blood vessels, leading to necrosis and an
inflammation around the tumor as well as increasing pressure on
surrounding structures.Benign tumors usually consist of differentiated
cells that reproduce at a higher than normal rate. It is often encapsulated
and expands but does not spread (metasize). Malignant tumors are
usually made up of undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not
appear organized. They often show abnormal mitotic figures. They
infiltrate or spread into surrounding tissues and may easily metastasize
or break away to spread to other organs and structures.
,Benign vs Malignant tumors - Manifestations - ANSWER ✔✔1.
Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
2. change in bowel or bladder habits
3. change in a wart or a mole
4. a sore that does not heal
5. unexplained weight loss
6. anemia, low hemoglobin, or persistent fatigue
7. persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
8. a solid lump, often painless.- Pain is not normally a symptom until the
tumor is in its advanced stages.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Complications - ANSWER ✔✔- With
any tumor, tissue damage can result from compression of adjacent
structures such as blood vessels, which leads to necrosis.- Pain (once in
advanced stages)- obstruction of ducts, tubes, vessels, or tracts- tissue
necrosis may lead to infection around the tumor or ulceration- weight
loss and cachexia- anemia or severe fatigue- bleeding- paraneoplastic
syndromes
A tumor can obstruct the following structures:
(Select all that apply)A. Lymphatic ducts
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, B. Digestive Tract
C. Blood vessels
D. Bronchial ducts
E. Nerve conduction - ANSWER ✔✔ALL - Every one of these has
been proven to be obstructed by a neoplastic tumor at some point.
Hypertension - PATHO - ANSWER ✔✔Mechanisms: In essential
hypertension, there is an increase in arteriolar vasoconstriction. A slight
decrease in the diameter of the arterioles causes a major increase in
peripheral resistance, reduces the capacity of the system, and increases
the diastolic pressure or afterload substantially.
Causes: High sodium intake, excess alcohol intake, obesity, prolonged
stress.
Risk factors: Incidence increases with age. Men are more frequently
affected. African Americans have a higher incidence.
Hypertension - Manifestations - ANSWER ✔✔Hypertension is
frequently asymptomatic in the early stages and signs are vague and
nonspecific. These vague signs can be: fatigue, malaise, morning
headache
