NR 304 Urinary System || All Accurately Answered.
Glomeruli correct answers -tufts of capillaries
-filter more than 1 liter of fluid each minute -> waste removed from blood
Erythropoesis correct answers development of mature red blood cells
Kidneys correct answers extend from the level of the 12th thoracic vertabra to the 3rd lumbar
vertabra
Renal medulla correct answers inner portion of kidney
Renal cortex correct answers -outer portion of kidney
-composed of nephrons to form urine
Functions of kidneys correct answers -eliminating nitrogenous waste products, toxins, excess
ions and drugs through urine
-regulating volume and chemical makeup of blood
-maintaining balance between water and salts;acids and bases
-producing renin, an enzyme that assists in the regulation of BP
-producing the hormone erthropoietin, which stimulates production of RBC's in the bone marrow
-assisting in the metabolism of vitamin D
Landmarks correct answers -costovertabral angle (lower poles of kidney & ureter lie below this
surface)
-rectus abdominis muscle (used as guidelines for positioning the hands when palpating kidneys
through abdominal wall)
-symphisis pubis (joint formed by the union of the 2 pubic bones by cartilage @ the midline of
the body; bladder is cradled under symphisis pubis)
, *when bladder is full, the nurse is able to palpate it as it rises above the symphisis pubis
Infants and children correct answers -fluid and electrolyte balance in infants fragile
-illnesses that cause dehydration, loss of fluid, lack of fluid intake may lead to metabolic acidosis
and fluid imbalance -> can impair growth and development
-congenital deafness -> often associated w/ renal disease (ears and kidneys develop @ the same
time in utero)
-examine infants for scrotal edema, undescended testes, noncentral placement of urinary meatus
-enuresis (bed wetting) concerning after 5 years of age, may be social and family issues,
infection, diabetes
Pregnancy correct answers -during 1st trimester, uterus presses against bladder -> increasing
frequency of urination
-frequency decreases during 2nd trimester, recurs during 3rd as the fetus descends into the pelvis
-amount of urine produced increases
-tendency for urine to test positive for sugar
postpartum: edema and hyperemia of bladder mucosa cause decreased sensation and contribute
to overdistention of bladder
-incomplete emptying often accompanies, increasing chance for UTI
Older Adult correct answers -renal blood flow and perfusion gradually decreases
-capillary system in the glomeruli atrophies
-creatinine clearance decreases after 40 -> decreased ability to concentrate and dilute urine
-decreased sensation of thirst -> decreased intake of water -> body's compensatory response of
concentrating urine
-ADH is not as effective, concentration and activity of renin and aldosterone are reduced -> risk
for hyperkalemia
-reduced capacity to produce ammonia which interacts w/ acids
Glomeruli correct answers -tufts of capillaries
-filter more than 1 liter of fluid each minute -> waste removed from blood
Erythropoesis correct answers development of mature red blood cells
Kidneys correct answers extend from the level of the 12th thoracic vertabra to the 3rd lumbar
vertabra
Renal medulla correct answers inner portion of kidney
Renal cortex correct answers -outer portion of kidney
-composed of nephrons to form urine
Functions of kidneys correct answers -eliminating nitrogenous waste products, toxins, excess
ions and drugs through urine
-regulating volume and chemical makeup of blood
-maintaining balance between water and salts;acids and bases
-producing renin, an enzyme that assists in the regulation of BP
-producing the hormone erthropoietin, which stimulates production of RBC's in the bone marrow
-assisting in the metabolism of vitamin D
Landmarks correct answers -costovertabral angle (lower poles of kidney & ureter lie below this
surface)
-rectus abdominis muscle (used as guidelines for positioning the hands when palpating kidneys
through abdominal wall)
-symphisis pubis (joint formed by the union of the 2 pubic bones by cartilage @ the midline of
the body; bladder is cradled under symphisis pubis)
, *when bladder is full, the nurse is able to palpate it as it rises above the symphisis pubis
Infants and children correct answers -fluid and electrolyte balance in infants fragile
-illnesses that cause dehydration, loss of fluid, lack of fluid intake may lead to metabolic acidosis
and fluid imbalance -> can impair growth and development
-congenital deafness -> often associated w/ renal disease (ears and kidneys develop @ the same
time in utero)
-examine infants for scrotal edema, undescended testes, noncentral placement of urinary meatus
-enuresis (bed wetting) concerning after 5 years of age, may be social and family issues,
infection, diabetes
Pregnancy correct answers -during 1st trimester, uterus presses against bladder -> increasing
frequency of urination
-frequency decreases during 2nd trimester, recurs during 3rd as the fetus descends into the pelvis
-amount of urine produced increases
-tendency for urine to test positive for sugar
postpartum: edema and hyperemia of bladder mucosa cause decreased sensation and contribute
to overdistention of bladder
-incomplete emptying often accompanies, increasing chance for UTI
Older Adult correct answers -renal blood flow and perfusion gradually decreases
-capillary system in the glomeruli atrophies
-creatinine clearance decreases after 40 -> decreased ability to concentrate and dilute urine
-decreased sensation of thirst -> decreased intake of water -> body's compensatory response of
concentrating urine
-ADH is not as effective, concentration and activity of renin and aldosterone are reduced -> risk
for hyperkalemia
-reduced capacity to produce ammonia which interacts w/ acids
