National Counselor Examination Study Guide Exam Review |
Graded A+
1. Describe how the cognitive distortion of 'always being right' can affect an
individual's relationships.
It encourages collaboration and compromise in decision-making.
It enhances empathy and emotional connections with others.
It can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings as the individual may
dismiss others' opinions.
It fosters open communication and understanding among peers.
2. What type of reinforcement schedule is characterized by varying intervals of
time before a reward is given?
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable interval schedule
Fixed interval schedule
3. What is the definition of polarized thinking in the context of cognitive
distortions?
Overgeneralizing from a single event to all future events.
Believing that one negative event reflects a pattern of failure.
Seeing situations in black-and-white terms without recognizing any
middle ground.
Assuming that others are focused on you and judging you.
,4. A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which
drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden,
however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before
he was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's
change in behavior following the divorce?
Cybernetics
Permeability
Enmeshment
Homeostasis
5. What type of reinforcement schedule is used by a slot machine?
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Fixed ratio
Continuous
6. What is the name of the complex associated with the phallic stage in Freud's
theory of psychosexual development?
Electra complex
Latency complex
Oral complex
Oedipus complex
7. What is meant by the term 'discontinuous development' in psychological
theories?
Development is a gradual and continuous process.
, Development occurs in distinct stages with abrupt changes.
Development is solely influenced by genetic factors.
Development does not involve any stages.
8. Stan frequently engages in thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms.
Through this process of dichotomous thinking, Stan has self-defeating labels
and boxes that keep him restricted. This is an example of which form of
cognitive distortion?
overgeneralization
labeling and mislabeling
polarized thinking
personalization
arbitrary inferences
9. Describe the role of the unconscious mind in Freud's theory of personality.
The unconscious mind contains repressed thoughts and desires that
influence behavior.
The unconscious mind has no impact on personality development.
The unconscious mind is a storage area for all conscious memories.
The unconscious mind is solely responsible for rational decision-
making.
10. If a therapist uses a variable ratio reinforcement schedule to encourage a
client to attend therapy sessions, what might be the expected outcome?
Increased attendance at therapy sessions
Increased resistance to therapy
, No change in attendance
Decreased motivation to attend sessions
11. Describe the roles of the Id, Ego, and Superego in Freud's theory of the
human psyche.
The Id is the rational part of the psyche, the Ego is the emotional part,
and the Superego is the instinctual part.
The Id represents primal desires, the Ego mediates between reality
and the Id, and the Superego embodies moral standards.
The Id is responsible for moral judgments, the Ego is the source of
primal desires, and the Superego manages reality.
The Id and Ego are conscious processes, while the Superego is
unconscious.
12. According to Beck (1976), overgeneralization, personalization, and
magnification are examples of which of the following?
Automatic thoughts
Cognitive triad
Cognitive distortions
Cognitive schema
13. Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is resolved when the
individual develops a sense of trust in the environment to meet his or her
needs.
Self-regulation stage
Object permanence stage
Autonomy versus shame and doubt stage
Graded A+
1. Describe how the cognitive distortion of 'always being right' can affect an
individual's relationships.
It encourages collaboration and compromise in decision-making.
It enhances empathy and emotional connections with others.
It can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings as the individual may
dismiss others' opinions.
It fosters open communication and understanding among peers.
2. What type of reinforcement schedule is characterized by varying intervals of
time before a reward is given?
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable interval schedule
Fixed interval schedule
3. What is the definition of polarized thinking in the context of cognitive
distortions?
Overgeneralizing from a single event to all future events.
Believing that one negative event reflects a pattern of failure.
Seeing situations in black-and-white terms without recognizing any
middle ground.
Assuming that others are focused on you and judging you.
,4. A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which
drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden,
however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before
he was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's
change in behavior following the divorce?
Cybernetics
Permeability
Enmeshment
Homeostasis
5. What type of reinforcement schedule is used by a slot machine?
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Fixed ratio
Continuous
6. What is the name of the complex associated with the phallic stage in Freud's
theory of psychosexual development?
Electra complex
Latency complex
Oral complex
Oedipus complex
7. What is meant by the term 'discontinuous development' in psychological
theories?
Development is a gradual and continuous process.
, Development occurs in distinct stages with abrupt changes.
Development is solely influenced by genetic factors.
Development does not involve any stages.
8. Stan frequently engages in thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms.
Through this process of dichotomous thinking, Stan has self-defeating labels
and boxes that keep him restricted. This is an example of which form of
cognitive distortion?
overgeneralization
labeling and mislabeling
polarized thinking
personalization
arbitrary inferences
9. Describe the role of the unconscious mind in Freud's theory of personality.
The unconscious mind contains repressed thoughts and desires that
influence behavior.
The unconscious mind has no impact on personality development.
The unconscious mind is a storage area for all conscious memories.
The unconscious mind is solely responsible for rational decision-
making.
10. If a therapist uses a variable ratio reinforcement schedule to encourage a
client to attend therapy sessions, what might be the expected outcome?
Increased attendance at therapy sessions
Increased resistance to therapy
, No change in attendance
Decreased motivation to attend sessions
11. Describe the roles of the Id, Ego, and Superego in Freud's theory of the
human psyche.
The Id is the rational part of the psyche, the Ego is the emotional part,
and the Superego is the instinctual part.
The Id represents primal desires, the Ego mediates between reality
and the Id, and the Superego embodies moral standards.
The Id is responsible for moral judgments, the Ego is the source of
primal desires, and the Superego manages reality.
The Id and Ego are conscious processes, while the Superego is
unconscious.
12. According to Beck (1976), overgeneralization, personalization, and
magnification are examples of which of the following?
Automatic thoughts
Cognitive triad
Cognitive distortions
Cognitive schema
13. Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is resolved when the
individual develops a sense of trust in the environment to meet his or her
needs.
Self-regulation stage
Object permanence stage
Autonomy versus shame and doubt stage
