NSG-3850 EXAM 3 REVIEW 2026
• Neurogenic bladder incontinence diseases - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Diseases include Multiple
sclerosis (demyelination of neurons), Parkinson disease, stroke, disorders affecting the autonomic
innervation of the bladder (spinal cord injury), and neuropathy of diabetes mellitus.
• Stress incontinence weak muscles - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Weak pelvic floor muscles lead to
increased intra-abdominal pressure, which can be precipitated by effort/exertion, such as lifting
heavy objects, coughing, sneezing, or bending.
• Cystitis signs in elderly vs younger adults - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Elderly patients may
experience confusion and delirium; they should return to their normal level of functioning after
treatment with antibiotics.
• Causes of bladder and urethral infections - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-The most common cause is
E. coli, often due to poor hygiene in women and STDs or immunosuppression in men.
• Acute pyelonephritis causative organism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-E. coli is the causative
organism in a large majority of acute pyelonephritis cases.
• Acute pyelonephritis signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Signs include costovertebral
angle tenderness (CVA), chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and sudden onset of fever.
• Cystitis signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Signs include suprapubic pain, frequency,
urgency, dysuria, and dyspareunia; pain is often relieved by voiding.
• Septicemia risk in pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Septicemia can occur in acute
pyelonephritis but is not seen in chronic pyelonephritis due to the body's adaptation.
, •
• Chronic pyelonephritis characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Characterized by small atrophied
kidneys with diffuse scarring, noted on renal imaging.
• Chronic pyelonephritis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Pathophysiology involves
chronic reflux of infected urine into the renal pelvis and anatomical abnormality of the urinary
tract.
• Chronic pyelonephritis risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Risk factors include renal calculi,
neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, or underlying intrarenal disease.
• Chronic pyelonephritis clinical manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Clinical manifestations
include flank or abdominal pain, fever, malaise, or anorexia; symptoms may be vague or similar to
acute pyelonephritis.
• Interstitial cystitis symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Symptoms include relief of pain after
voiding, frequency, urgency, and dysuria, with an absence of a UTI.
• Interstitial cystitis prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Interstitial cystitis occurs more often in
women.
• Dehydration - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-It will make the urine more concentrated.
• Nephrolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Stones formed in the kidneys.
• Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-An enlarged kidney because the stone is blocking the
urine from flowing down through the ureters.
• Acute-on-chronic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-The most common causes are
systemic infections, nephrotoxic medications, dehydration, and urinary tract obstruction.
• Neurogenic bladder incontinence diseases - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Diseases include Multiple
sclerosis (demyelination of neurons), Parkinson disease, stroke, disorders affecting the autonomic
innervation of the bladder (spinal cord injury), and neuropathy of diabetes mellitus.
• Stress incontinence weak muscles - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Weak pelvic floor muscles lead to
increased intra-abdominal pressure, which can be precipitated by effort/exertion, such as lifting
heavy objects, coughing, sneezing, or bending.
• Cystitis signs in elderly vs younger adults - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Elderly patients may
experience confusion and delirium; they should return to their normal level of functioning after
treatment with antibiotics.
• Causes of bladder and urethral infections - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-The most common cause is
E. coli, often due to poor hygiene in women and STDs or immunosuppression in men.
• Acute pyelonephritis causative organism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-E. coli is the causative
organism in a large majority of acute pyelonephritis cases.
• Acute pyelonephritis signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Signs include costovertebral
angle tenderness (CVA), chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and sudden onset of fever.
• Cystitis signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Signs include suprapubic pain, frequency,
urgency, dysuria, and dyspareunia; pain is often relieved by voiding.
• Septicemia risk in pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Septicemia can occur in acute
pyelonephritis but is not seen in chronic pyelonephritis due to the body's adaptation.
, •
• Chronic pyelonephritis characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Characterized by small atrophied
kidneys with diffuse scarring, noted on renal imaging.
• Chronic pyelonephritis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Pathophysiology involves
chronic reflux of infected urine into the renal pelvis and anatomical abnormality of the urinary
tract.
• Chronic pyelonephritis risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Risk factors include renal calculi,
neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, or underlying intrarenal disease.
• Chronic pyelonephritis clinical manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Clinical manifestations
include flank or abdominal pain, fever, malaise, or anorexia; symptoms may be vague or similar to
acute pyelonephritis.
• Interstitial cystitis symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Symptoms include relief of pain after
voiding, frequency, urgency, and dysuria, with an absence of a UTI.
• Interstitial cystitis prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Interstitial cystitis occurs more often in
women.
• Dehydration - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-It will make the urine more concentrated.
• Nephrolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-Stones formed in the kidneys.
• Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-An enlarged kidney because the stone is blocking the
urine from flowing down through the ureters.
• Acute-on-chronic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER✔✨-The most common causes are
systemic infections, nephrotoxic medications, dehydration, and urinary tract obstruction.
