IB 329 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
batesian mimicry - Answers - defenseless species (mimic) is protected from predation
by its resemblance to a species that is dangerous (toxic)
Mullerian Mimicry - Answers - 2 or more distasteful or harmful organisms resemble each
other
How to avoid being eaten? - Answers - avoid being seen
advertise unprofitability
be vigilant
if caught, go for broke
How do organisms avoid being seen? - Answers - color matching
pattern matching
break up pattern
Aposematic coloration - Answers - A warning color - adverse unprofitability
Why be toxic and advertise if predators have to eat you to learn to avoid you? - Answers
- No group selection needed:
not always killed by attack
predators learn very quickly
Antlers - Answers - grow from pedicels, males only, shed annually
horns - Answers - composed of bony core covered with a sheath of keratin, never
branched (unlike anterls), occur in males and often females
How can we reduce costs to foraging? - Answers - minimize time spent looking for and
handling food (develop search image, reduce handling time, )
What are the costs of foraging? - Answers - Time/energy spent locating food
Time/energy spent handling food
What are the benefits of foraging? - Answers - calories gained
, What are two behavioral methods to foraging? Which is better? - Answers - Behavior 1:
<- better
eat in closest tree regardless of species
eat any leaf in that tree
eat entire leaf
= low costs:many calories
Behavior 2:
search out a few trees of a rare species
eat only young leaves
often eat only leaf petiole
= high costs:few calories
Why wouldn't an organism forage "optimally"? - Answers - Fail to consider some costs
of behavior
Ideal Free Distribution - Answers - Indivdiuals should distribue themselves among
habitats so that every individual maximizes its net rate of return
Spatial distribution of resources - Answers - random, clumped, dispersed
homerange - Answers - area which an individual, pair, or group occupies or regularly
returns to
core area - Answers - area of heaviest use, may center on a resource, i.e. nest, water
source, food source
territory - Answers - any defended area; area of more or less fixed boundaries from
which rival conspecifics are excluded through Aggression (self-preservation, protection
of the young, or resource competition)
lek - Answers - a communal mating area in which individuals hold small territories solely
for courtship and copulation
dispersal - Answers - ecological process affecting distribution; leaving an area of birth or
activity; largely short range effort but can also be long range; typically associate with a
once in a lifetime event
genetic perspective - Answers - can affect geographic differentiation and variation
(dispersal)
philopatry - Answers - the tendancy for offspring to breed in their natal home range
Why do animals disperse? - Answers - inbreeding avoidance, reduce competition with
relatives, colonization of new habitat (ideal free distribution)
batesian mimicry - Answers - defenseless species (mimic) is protected from predation
by its resemblance to a species that is dangerous (toxic)
Mullerian Mimicry - Answers - 2 or more distasteful or harmful organisms resemble each
other
How to avoid being eaten? - Answers - avoid being seen
advertise unprofitability
be vigilant
if caught, go for broke
How do organisms avoid being seen? - Answers - color matching
pattern matching
break up pattern
Aposematic coloration - Answers - A warning color - adverse unprofitability
Why be toxic and advertise if predators have to eat you to learn to avoid you? - Answers
- No group selection needed:
not always killed by attack
predators learn very quickly
Antlers - Answers - grow from pedicels, males only, shed annually
horns - Answers - composed of bony core covered with a sheath of keratin, never
branched (unlike anterls), occur in males and often females
How can we reduce costs to foraging? - Answers - minimize time spent looking for and
handling food (develop search image, reduce handling time, )
What are the costs of foraging? - Answers - Time/energy spent locating food
Time/energy spent handling food
What are the benefits of foraging? - Answers - calories gained
, What are two behavioral methods to foraging? Which is better? - Answers - Behavior 1:
<- better
eat in closest tree regardless of species
eat any leaf in that tree
eat entire leaf
= low costs:many calories
Behavior 2:
search out a few trees of a rare species
eat only young leaves
often eat only leaf petiole
= high costs:few calories
Why wouldn't an organism forage "optimally"? - Answers - Fail to consider some costs
of behavior
Ideal Free Distribution - Answers - Indivdiuals should distribue themselves among
habitats so that every individual maximizes its net rate of return
Spatial distribution of resources - Answers - random, clumped, dispersed
homerange - Answers - area which an individual, pair, or group occupies or regularly
returns to
core area - Answers - area of heaviest use, may center on a resource, i.e. nest, water
source, food source
territory - Answers - any defended area; area of more or less fixed boundaries from
which rival conspecifics are excluded through Aggression (self-preservation, protection
of the young, or resource competition)
lek - Answers - a communal mating area in which individuals hold small territories solely
for courtship and copulation
dispersal - Answers - ecological process affecting distribution; leaving an area of birth or
activity; largely short range effort but can also be long range; typically associate with a
once in a lifetime event
genetic perspective - Answers - can affect geographic differentiation and variation
(dispersal)
philopatry - Answers - the tendancy for offspring to breed in their natal home range
Why do animals disperse? - Answers - inbreeding avoidance, reduce competition with
relatives, colonization of new habitat (ideal free distribution)
