IB 329 - EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Protection from predation, protection from elements, provisioning/feeding - Answers -
what are three types of parental investment?
Bigger gametes - Answers - increase zygote size and survival
More gametes - Answers - increase potential number of offspring
Females - Answers - __________ (males/females) have greater initial investment into
parental care
Males - Answers - variance in reproductive success is usually greater for __________
(males/females)
Mating opportunities - Answers - time spent caring for offspring = less __________
Probability offspring are yours - Answers - parental care should be proportional to
__________
Probability of young surviving, fitness for parents - Answers - increased parental
investment = increased __________ and increased __________
Life history traits - Answers - characteristics of an individual that influence survival and
reproduction
Age at maturity, number of offspring produced, lifespan, number of reproductive events
- Answers - what are four examples of life history traits?
Operational sex ratio - Answers - ratio of sexually receptive males to receptive females
Birds - Answers - what species is bi-parental care most common in?
Resources are variable or in short supply - Answers - sibling aggression and siblicide
occur under what conditions?
Younger - Answers - parent-offspring conflict is higher with __________ (younger/older)
parents
Increases - Answers - conflict __________ (increases/decreases) as offspring age
, Parental favoritism - Answers - occurs when resources are variable and adults have
more young than they can raise
Asynchrony - Answers - __________ in hatching can promote or reduce conflict and
parental favoritism
Vasopressin, dopamine - Answers - in male prarie voles, __________ and __________
regulate affiliation between mates
Direct fitness + indirect fitness - Answers - what is the equation that can be used to
calculate inclusive fitness?
Hamilton's rule - Answers - cooperation is favored when rb - C > 0
Relatedness between altruist and recipient - Answers - in hamilton's rule, r =
__________
Fitness benefit to recipient - Answers - in hamilton's rule, B = __________
Fitness cost to the altruist - Answers - in hamilton's rule, C = __________
Fewer - Answers - in florida scrub jays, nests that lost helpers had __________
(more/fewer) surviving offspring
Reproductive skew - Answers - the distribution of reproduction across members of a
group
High skew - Answers - one or few individuals reproduce
Low skew - Answers - everybody reproduces equally
Dominants - Answers - control who breeds
Subordinates - Answers - control whether they stay or go
Expected success of breeding independently, expected success of the group if the
individual stays, relatedness among group members, probability of becoming a
dominant for a share of reproduction - Answers - what are four factors that affect
reproductive skew?
Ecological constraints on reproducing alone, higher relatedness, low individual fighting
ability - Answers - what are three factors that cause reproductive skew to increase?
Incentives - Answers - offered by dominant reproductive individuals to entice
subordinates to stay
ANSWERS
Protection from predation, protection from elements, provisioning/feeding - Answers -
what are three types of parental investment?
Bigger gametes - Answers - increase zygote size and survival
More gametes - Answers - increase potential number of offspring
Females - Answers - __________ (males/females) have greater initial investment into
parental care
Males - Answers - variance in reproductive success is usually greater for __________
(males/females)
Mating opportunities - Answers - time spent caring for offspring = less __________
Probability offspring are yours - Answers - parental care should be proportional to
__________
Probability of young surviving, fitness for parents - Answers - increased parental
investment = increased __________ and increased __________
Life history traits - Answers - characteristics of an individual that influence survival and
reproduction
Age at maturity, number of offspring produced, lifespan, number of reproductive events
- Answers - what are four examples of life history traits?
Operational sex ratio - Answers - ratio of sexually receptive males to receptive females
Birds - Answers - what species is bi-parental care most common in?
Resources are variable or in short supply - Answers - sibling aggression and siblicide
occur under what conditions?
Younger - Answers - parent-offspring conflict is higher with __________ (younger/older)
parents
Increases - Answers - conflict __________ (increases/decreases) as offspring age
, Parental favoritism - Answers - occurs when resources are variable and adults have
more young than they can raise
Asynchrony - Answers - __________ in hatching can promote or reduce conflict and
parental favoritism
Vasopressin, dopamine - Answers - in male prarie voles, __________ and __________
regulate affiliation between mates
Direct fitness + indirect fitness - Answers - what is the equation that can be used to
calculate inclusive fitness?
Hamilton's rule - Answers - cooperation is favored when rb - C > 0
Relatedness between altruist and recipient - Answers - in hamilton's rule, r =
__________
Fitness benefit to recipient - Answers - in hamilton's rule, B = __________
Fitness cost to the altruist - Answers - in hamilton's rule, C = __________
Fewer - Answers - in florida scrub jays, nests that lost helpers had __________
(more/fewer) surviving offspring
Reproductive skew - Answers - the distribution of reproduction across members of a
group
High skew - Answers - one or few individuals reproduce
Low skew - Answers - everybody reproduces equally
Dominants - Answers - control who breeds
Subordinates - Answers - control whether they stay or go
Expected success of breeding independently, expected success of the group if the
individual stays, relatedness among group members, probability of becoming a
dominant for a share of reproduction - Answers - what are four factors that affect
reproductive skew?
Ecological constraints on reproducing alone, higher relatedness, low individual fighting
ability - Answers - what are three factors that cause reproductive skew to increase?
Incentives - Answers - offered by dominant reproductive individuals to entice
subordinates to stay
