WGU D313 OA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 200
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALE ALREADY GRADED A+ NEW
Questions 1-212 comprehensively cover human anatomy and physiology,
including cellular organelles (mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi), tissue
types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous), and all major organ systems.
Topics include the skeletal system (bones, joints, marrow), muscular system
(muscle types, contraction mechanisms, neuromuscular junction),
cardiovascular system (heart chambers, blood vessels, blood cells, cardiac
cycle), respiratory system (airways, alveoli, gas exchange), digestive system
(organs, enzymes, nutrient absorption), urinary system (kidney structure,
nephron function, urine formation), nervous system (brain regions, neurons,
cranial nerves, spinal cord, ANS), endocrine system (hormones, glands,
feedback mechanisms), reproductive system (gametes, hormones, fetal
development), and integumentary system (skin layers, glands, melanin). The
questions also cover anatomical planes, body cavities, membrane transport,
acid-base balance, thermoregulation, and reflex arcs.
1. Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production in the cell?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The mitochondrion is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it
generates ATP through cellular respiration. The nucleus contains genetic material,
ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages
proteins.
2. Which organ system provides structural support, protects internal organs, stores
minerals like calcium, produces blood cells, and works together with muscles to
enable movement?
A. Respiratory system
,B. Skeletal system
C. Endocrine system
D. Nervous system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The skeletal system provides structural support, protects internal organs,
stores minerals, produces blood cells through hematopoiesis, and works with
muscles to enable movement.
3. Which chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
circulation through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation?
A. Left atrium
B. Right ventricle
C. Left ventricle
D. Right atrium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
circulation through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The left ventricle pumps
oxygenated blood to the body, while the atria receive blood.
4. Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary, striated, found exclusively in the
heart, and responsible for generating rhythmic contractions?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
D. Connective muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and found exclusively in the
heart. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, while smooth muscle is
involuntary but non-striated.
5. Which anatomical plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections?
A. Frontal plane
B. Sagittal plane
C. Transverse plane
D. Coronal plane
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper)
and inferior (lower) sections. The sagittal plane divides into left and right, and the
frontal plane divides into anterior and posterior.
,6. Which type of tissue forms protective barriers with tightly packed cells?
A. Connective
B. Epithelial
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells with minimal
extracellular matrix, forming protective barriers or secretory surfaces. Connective
tissue has abundant matrix, muscle tissue is contractile, and nervous tissue
conducts signals.
7. Which structure of the digestive system stores and concentrates bile before
releasing it into the small intestine?
A. Gallbladder
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Appendix
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver
before releasing it into the small intestine to aid lipid digestion and absorption.
8. Which endocrine gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin and regulates
circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles?
A. Pituitary gland
B. Pineal gland
C. Thyroid gland
D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pineal gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin and regulates
circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles. The pituitary is the master gland,
the thyroid regulates metabolism, and the hypothalamus controls autonomic
functions.
9. Which connective tissue structure connects skeletal muscle to bone, transmitting
the force of contraction to produce movement?
A. Ligament
B. Tendon
C. Cartilage
D. Fascia
Correct Answer: B
, Rationale: Tendons connect skeletal muscle to bone, transmitting the force of
contraction to produce movement. Ligaments connect bone to bone, cartilage
provides cushioning, and fascia surrounds muscles.
10. Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary
veins before transferring it to the left ventricle?
A. Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
before transferring it to the left ventricle. The right atrium receives deoxygenated
blood from the body.
11. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight-or-
flight responses, increasing heart rate and dilating airways?
A. Somatic
B. Parasympathetic
C. Sympathetic
D. Central
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is
responsible for fight-or-flight responses, increasing heart rate and dilating airways.
The parasympathetic division promotes rest and digest.
12. Which structure of the respiratory system is the site of gas exchange between
air and blood in pulmonary capillaries?
A. Bronchiole
B. Alveolus
C. Trachea
D. Larynx
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
between air and blood. Oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and carbon dioxide is
released from the blood into the air to be exhaled.
13. Which digestive organ produces enzymes that break down proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates, and secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small
intestine?
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALE ALREADY GRADED A+ NEW
Questions 1-212 comprehensively cover human anatomy and physiology,
including cellular organelles (mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi), tissue
types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous), and all major organ systems.
Topics include the skeletal system (bones, joints, marrow), muscular system
(muscle types, contraction mechanisms, neuromuscular junction),
cardiovascular system (heart chambers, blood vessels, blood cells, cardiac
cycle), respiratory system (airways, alveoli, gas exchange), digestive system
(organs, enzymes, nutrient absorption), urinary system (kidney structure,
nephron function, urine formation), nervous system (brain regions, neurons,
cranial nerves, spinal cord, ANS), endocrine system (hormones, glands,
feedback mechanisms), reproductive system (gametes, hormones, fetal
development), and integumentary system (skin layers, glands, melanin). The
questions also cover anatomical planes, body cavities, membrane transport,
acid-base balance, thermoregulation, and reflex arcs.
1. Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production in the cell?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The mitochondrion is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it
generates ATP through cellular respiration. The nucleus contains genetic material,
ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages
proteins.
2. Which organ system provides structural support, protects internal organs, stores
minerals like calcium, produces blood cells, and works together with muscles to
enable movement?
A. Respiratory system
,B. Skeletal system
C. Endocrine system
D. Nervous system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The skeletal system provides structural support, protects internal organs,
stores minerals, produces blood cells through hematopoiesis, and works with
muscles to enable movement.
3. Which chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
circulation through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation?
A. Left atrium
B. Right ventricle
C. Left ventricle
D. Right atrium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
circulation through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The left ventricle pumps
oxygenated blood to the body, while the atria receive blood.
4. Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary, striated, found exclusively in the
heart, and responsible for generating rhythmic contractions?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
D. Connective muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and found exclusively in the
heart. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, while smooth muscle is
involuntary but non-striated.
5. Which anatomical plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections?
A. Frontal plane
B. Sagittal plane
C. Transverse plane
D. Coronal plane
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper)
and inferior (lower) sections. The sagittal plane divides into left and right, and the
frontal plane divides into anterior and posterior.
,6. Which type of tissue forms protective barriers with tightly packed cells?
A. Connective
B. Epithelial
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells with minimal
extracellular matrix, forming protective barriers or secretory surfaces. Connective
tissue has abundant matrix, muscle tissue is contractile, and nervous tissue
conducts signals.
7. Which structure of the digestive system stores and concentrates bile before
releasing it into the small intestine?
A. Gallbladder
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Appendix
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver
before releasing it into the small intestine to aid lipid digestion and absorption.
8. Which endocrine gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin and regulates
circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles?
A. Pituitary gland
B. Pineal gland
C. Thyroid gland
D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pineal gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin and regulates
circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles. The pituitary is the master gland,
the thyroid regulates metabolism, and the hypothalamus controls autonomic
functions.
9. Which connective tissue structure connects skeletal muscle to bone, transmitting
the force of contraction to produce movement?
A. Ligament
B. Tendon
C. Cartilage
D. Fascia
Correct Answer: B
, Rationale: Tendons connect skeletal muscle to bone, transmitting the force of
contraction to produce movement. Ligaments connect bone to bone, cartilage
provides cushioning, and fascia surrounds muscles.
10. Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary
veins before transferring it to the left ventricle?
A. Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
before transferring it to the left ventricle. The right atrium receives deoxygenated
blood from the body.
11. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight-or-
flight responses, increasing heart rate and dilating airways?
A. Somatic
B. Parasympathetic
C. Sympathetic
D. Central
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is
responsible for fight-or-flight responses, increasing heart rate and dilating airways.
The parasympathetic division promotes rest and digest.
12. Which structure of the respiratory system is the site of gas exchange between
air and blood in pulmonary capillaries?
A. Bronchiole
B. Alveolus
C. Trachea
D. Larynx
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
between air and blood. Oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and carbon dioxide is
released from the blood into the air to be exhaled.
13. Which digestive organ produces enzymes that break down proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates, and secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small
intestine?
