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Lecture notes from Session 1 of Rechtsfilosofie at Universiteit Hasselt, examining Austin's command theory of law and its philosophical critiques. The document includes critical analysis of the command theory through texts by Hart, Kelsen, and Augustine, exploring whether law can be reduced to sovereign commands with the threat of sanctions. Essential preparation for understanding the foundational debates in legal philosophy and evaluating the gunman-state analogy that challenges positivist approaches to law.

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BIJEENKOMST 1: Bevelstheorie als problematisch vertrekpunt


Stelling 1: Het recht is dat wat de soeverein beveelt.

Casus: De belastinginner als roofovervaller, oftewel de staat als roversbende

Opdracht: Lees onderstaande tekstfragmenten van twee 20 e eeuwse rechtsfilosofen – Hart en Kelsen
– en één 5e eeuwse filosoof en theoloog Augustinus, en beargumenteer of de bevelstheorie van
Austin door deze drie (rechts)filosofen wordt bevestigd of ter discussie wordt gesteld en leg uit hoe.
Gebruik hierbij ook de argumenten genoemd in hoofdstuk I van Recht als raadsel.
Neem een standpunt in ten aanzien van stelling 1.

Hart, ‘Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals’, Harvard Law Review, vol. 71 no. 4, 1958:
“What is a command? It is simply an expression by one person of the desire that another
person should do or abstain (=zich onthouden van) from some action, accompanied by a
threat of punishment which is likely to follow disobedience (=ongehoorzaamheid).
Commands are laws if two conditions are satisfied: first, they must be general; second, they
must be commanded by what (as […] Austin claimed) exists in every political society
whatever its constitutional form, namely, a person or a group of persons who are in receipt
of habitual obedience from most of the society but pay no such obedience to others. These
persons are its sovereign. Thus law is the command of the uncommanded commanders of
society – the creation of the legally untrammelled (=onbellemmerd) will of the sovereign
who is by definition outside the law.
It is easy to see that this account of a legal system is threadbare (=versleten). One can also
see why it might seem that its inadequacy is due to the omission of some essential
connection with morality. The situation which the simple trilogy of command, sanction, and
sovereign avails to describe, if you take these notions at all precisely, is like that of a
gunman saying to his victim, ‘Give me your money or your life’. The only difference is that
in the case of a legal system the gunman says it to a large number of people who are
accustomed to the racket and habitually surrender to it. Law surely is not the gunman
situation writ large, and legal order is surely not to be thus simply identified with
compulsion.”


-Hart niet eens met de bevelstheorie:
 Volgens de bevelstheorie moet de soeverein zelf niet gehoorzamen maar kan wel doen
gehoorzamen Hierdoor kan de ongeremde wil van de soeverein als wet gezien worden
 De bevelstheorie is ‘versleten’
 Volgens de bevelstheorie is er in elke samenleving een soeverein maar het recht is niet altijd
te herleiden tot een aanwijsbare soeverein
 De bevelstheorie kijkt niet naar de moraliteit en die is essentieel
 De bevelstheorie stelt het rechtssysteem gelijk aan dwang en macht en dit is fout (het voelen
van een juridische verplichting is niet per se hetzelfde als het moeten handelen onder een
dreiging van een sanctie)




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