CHEM 1120 Final Exam Study Guide | General Chemistry Review, Key Concepts
& Practice Questions
when a compound is ___, it means that water molecules are ___ in the crystal structure - ANS
✔✔hydrated/"stuck"
limiting reagent - ANS ✔✔the compound that is consumed first
excess reagent - ANS ✔✔the compound that is left over
theoretical yield - ANS ✔✔the amount of product that can form from the given amount of
starting materials and the balanced equation
actual yield - ANS ✔✔the amount of a product actually isolated from an experiment
percent yield equation - ANS ✔✔% yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%
thermochemistry - ANS ✔✔describes the heat energy changes occurring during chemical
reactions and physical transformations
heat (q) - ANS ✔✔the flow of energy caused by a temperature difference (from hot object to
cold)
system vs. surroundings - ANS ✔✔system: the area that you are studying (reaction, compound,
object...)
surroundings: everything else outside the system (eg. the universe)
q > 0 - ANS ✔✔system (reaction, solution, object) gains energy as a heat
,q < 0 - ANS ✔✔system loses energy as a heat
specific heat capacity (Cs) - ANS ✔✔the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1
gram of the substance by 1°C or 1 K (J g-1 °C-1)
enthalpy (H) - ANS ✔✔heat of reaction under conditions of constant pressure
delta H = q
(no change in pressure)
calorimetry - ANS ✔✔used to measure amounts of heat transferred to or from a substance
neutralization reactions - ANS ✔✔give away heat
ΔH is negative
thermal equilibrium - ANS ✔✔the temperature of metal and water is the same (in calorimeter)
colligative properties - ANS ✔✔the physical changes that result from adding the solute to a
solvent
depend on how many solute particles are present as well as the solvent amount, but they do
not depend on the type of solute particles
freezing point depression - ANS ✔✔freezing points of solutions are lower than that of the pure
solvent and is directly proportional to the molarity of the solute
ΔTf = Tf (solvent) - Tf (solution) = iKfm
ΔTf = Tf (solvent) - Tf (solution) = iKfm - ANS ✔✔i - number of moles of particles formed in
solution per mol of solute. for molecular compound, i = 1
, m - molarity of the solution, mol of solute per kg of solvent
Kf - freezing point depression constant for the solvent
why add salt to icy roads? - ANS ✔✔the freezing point of the ice is decreased, and the ice will
melt more quickly
finding number of moles in a solute - ANS ✔✔m = mol solute/kg solvent
determining molar mass of solute - ANS ✔✔M = g solute/mol solute
titrant - ANS ✔✔known concentration
analyte - ANS ✔✔unknown concentration
acid-base titration - ANS ✔✔a basic (or acidic) solution of unknown concentration reacts with
an acidic (or basic) solution of known concentration
equivalence point - ANS ✔✔when the number of moles of base = number of moles of acid
can be determined with pH curve
titration curve - ANS ✔✔graphical representation of the pH of a solution during a titration
monoprotic acid - ANS ✔✔1 mol of acid neutralizes 1 mol of base
1 equivalence point
diprotic acid - ANS ✔✔1 mol of acid neutralizes 2 mol of base
2 equivalence points
& Practice Questions
when a compound is ___, it means that water molecules are ___ in the crystal structure - ANS
✔✔hydrated/"stuck"
limiting reagent - ANS ✔✔the compound that is consumed first
excess reagent - ANS ✔✔the compound that is left over
theoretical yield - ANS ✔✔the amount of product that can form from the given amount of
starting materials and the balanced equation
actual yield - ANS ✔✔the amount of a product actually isolated from an experiment
percent yield equation - ANS ✔✔% yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%
thermochemistry - ANS ✔✔describes the heat energy changes occurring during chemical
reactions and physical transformations
heat (q) - ANS ✔✔the flow of energy caused by a temperature difference (from hot object to
cold)
system vs. surroundings - ANS ✔✔system: the area that you are studying (reaction, compound,
object...)
surroundings: everything else outside the system (eg. the universe)
q > 0 - ANS ✔✔system (reaction, solution, object) gains energy as a heat
,q < 0 - ANS ✔✔system loses energy as a heat
specific heat capacity (Cs) - ANS ✔✔the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1
gram of the substance by 1°C or 1 K (J g-1 °C-1)
enthalpy (H) - ANS ✔✔heat of reaction under conditions of constant pressure
delta H = q
(no change in pressure)
calorimetry - ANS ✔✔used to measure amounts of heat transferred to or from a substance
neutralization reactions - ANS ✔✔give away heat
ΔH is negative
thermal equilibrium - ANS ✔✔the temperature of metal and water is the same (in calorimeter)
colligative properties - ANS ✔✔the physical changes that result from adding the solute to a
solvent
depend on how many solute particles are present as well as the solvent amount, but they do
not depend on the type of solute particles
freezing point depression - ANS ✔✔freezing points of solutions are lower than that of the pure
solvent and is directly proportional to the molarity of the solute
ΔTf = Tf (solvent) - Tf (solution) = iKfm
ΔTf = Tf (solvent) - Tf (solution) = iKfm - ANS ✔✔i - number of moles of particles formed in
solution per mol of solute. for molecular compound, i = 1
, m - molarity of the solution, mol of solute per kg of solvent
Kf - freezing point depression constant for the solvent
why add salt to icy roads? - ANS ✔✔the freezing point of the ice is decreased, and the ice will
melt more quickly
finding number of moles in a solute - ANS ✔✔m = mol solute/kg solvent
determining molar mass of solute - ANS ✔✔M = g solute/mol solute
titrant - ANS ✔✔known concentration
analyte - ANS ✔✔unknown concentration
acid-base titration - ANS ✔✔a basic (or acidic) solution of unknown concentration reacts with
an acidic (or basic) solution of known concentration
equivalence point - ANS ✔✔when the number of moles of base = number of moles of acid
can be determined with pH curve
titration curve - ANS ✔✔graphical representation of the pH of a solution during a titration
monoprotic acid - ANS ✔✔1 mol of acid neutralizes 1 mol of base
1 equivalence point
diprotic acid - ANS ✔✔1 mol of acid neutralizes 2 mol of base
2 equivalence points
