HUS 515 FINAL EXAM WITH 100%
DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
STUDY SET
Section I: Multiple Choice (1–70)
1. Which of the following best defines program evaluation?
A) Collecting data to publish academic research
B) Systematic collection of information about program activities, characteristics, and outcomes to make judgments
about the program
C) Fundraising for nonprofit organizations
D) Clinical treatment of individual clients
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Program evaluation is the systematic collection of information to assess program merit, worth, or
effectiveness. It is distinct from research, fundraising, or direct service.
2. A needs assessment conducted before a program is implemented primarily aims to:
A) Determine if the program achieved its goals
B) Identify the gap between current conditions and desired conditions
C) Calculate cost-benefit ratios
D) Satisfy funder reporting requirements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Needs assessment identifies discrepancies between what exists and what should exist (gaps) to inform
program design.
3. According to Bradshaw (1977), a need defined by an expert or professional standard is called:
A) Felt need
B) Expressed need
C) Normative need
D) Comparative need
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Normative need is based on expert standards (e.g., “a physician says vaccination rates are too low”).
Felt = perception; Expressed = behavior/demand; Comparative = comparison across populations.
4. Which design provides the strongest evidence for causality in program evaluation?
A) One-group pretest-posttest
,B) Posttest-only with nonequivalent groups
C) Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
D) Case study
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Random assignment controls selection bias and other threats to internal validity, making RCT the gold
standard for causal inference.
5. In a logic model, “number of counseling sessions delivered” is an example of:
A) Input
B) Activity
C) Output
D) Outcome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Outputs are direct, countable products (sessions delivered). Activities are actions; inputs are resources;
outcomes are changes in clients.
6. The Belmont Report’s three core ethical principles are:
A) Confidentiality, anonymity, privacy
B) Respect for persons, beneficence, justice
C) Informed consent, IRB review, risk assessment
D) Honesty, integrity, objectivity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Belmont Report (1979) established respect for persons (autonomy/consent), beneficence
(maximize benefits/minimize harms), and justice (fair distribution).
7. A single-system design labeled A-B-A indicates:
A) Baseline, intervention, baseline
B) Intervention, baseline, intervention
C) Baseline, baseline, intervention
D) Intervention, intervention, baseline
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A = baseline (no treatment), B = intervention. A-B-A returns to baseline to strengthen causal inference.
8. Which is a formative (process) evaluation question?
A) Did the program reduce recidivism?
B) Was the program delivered as intended?
C) What was the return on investment?
D) Did outcomes sustain at 12 months?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Formative/process evaluation examines implementation (fidelity, dosage, reach). Outcomes, ROI, and
sustainability are summative/impact questions.
, 9. A client’s weight is measured weekly for 4 weeks (no intervention), then a diet program is introduced and
measured for 8 weeks. This design is:
A) A-B design
B) A-B-A design
C) Multiple baseline
D) B-A design
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Baseline (A) followed by intervention (B) with no return to baseline. Weakest single-system design.
10. The Hawthorne effect refers to:
A) Participants dropping out
B) Behavior change because participants know they are being observed
C) Regression to the mean
D) Pretest sensitization
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Reactivity threat – people alter behavior when aware of observation.
11. Which of the following is an expressed need?
A) A doctor says flu shots are too low
B) Residents say they want a park
C) 500 people are on a waitlist for housing
D) One county has higher poverty than another
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Expressed need = actual demand/behavior (waiting lists, service use).
12. A program evaluator uses surveys, focus groups, and archival data, then compares findings across sources.
This is:
A) Meta-analysis
B) Triangulation/convergent analysis
C) Secondary data analysis
D) Cost-effectiveness analysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Triangulation uses multiple methods to cross-validate findings and reduce bias.
13. In a logic model, the correct sequence is:
A) Outcomes → Outputs → Activities → Inputs
B) Inputs → Activities → Outputs → Outcomes
C) Inputs → Outcomes → Activities → Outputs
D) Activities → Inputs → Outputs → Outcomes
DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
STUDY SET
Section I: Multiple Choice (1–70)
1. Which of the following best defines program evaluation?
A) Collecting data to publish academic research
B) Systematic collection of information about program activities, characteristics, and outcomes to make judgments
about the program
C) Fundraising for nonprofit organizations
D) Clinical treatment of individual clients
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Program evaluation is the systematic collection of information to assess program merit, worth, or
effectiveness. It is distinct from research, fundraising, or direct service.
2. A needs assessment conducted before a program is implemented primarily aims to:
A) Determine if the program achieved its goals
B) Identify the gap between current conditions and desired conditions
C) Calculate cost-benefit ratios
D) Satisfy funder reporting requirements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Needs assessment identifies discrepancies between what exists and what should exist (gaps) to inform
program design.
3. According to Bradshaw (1977), a need defined by an expert or professional standard is called:
A) Felt need
B) Expressed need
C) Normative need
D) Comparative need
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Normative need is based on expert standards (e.g., “a physician says vaccination rates are too low”).
Felt = perception; Expressed = behavior/demand; Comparative = comparison across populations.
4. Which design provides the strongest evidence for causality in program evaluation?
A) One-group pretest-posttest
,B) Posttest-only with nonequivalent groups
C) Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
D) Case study
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Random assignment controls selection bias and other threats to internal validity, making RCT the gold
standard for causal inference.
5. In a logic model, “number of counseling sessions delivered” is an example of:
A) Input
B) Activity
C) Output
D) Outcome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Outputs are direct, countable products (sessions delivered). Activities are actions; inputs are resources;
outcomes are changes in clients.
6. The Belmont Report’s three core ethical principles are:
A) Confidentiality, anonymity, privacy
B) Respect for persons, beneficence, justice
C) Informed consent, IRB review, risk assessment
D) Honesty, integrity, objectivity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Belmont Report (1979) established respect for persons (autonomy/consent), beneficence
(maximize benefits/minimize harms), and justice (fair distribution).
7. A single-system design labeled A-B-A indicates:
A) Baseline, intervention, baseline
B) Intervention, baseline, intervention
C) Baseline, baseline, intervention
D) Intervention, intervention, baseline
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A = baseline (no treatment), B = intervention. A-B-A returns to baseline to strengthen causal inference.
8. Which is a formative (process) evaluation question?
A) Did the program reduce recidivism?
B) Was the program delivered as intended?
C) What was the return on investment?
D) Did outcomes sustain at 12 months?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Formative/process evaluation examines implementation (fidelity, dosage, reach). Outcomes, ROI, and
sustainability are summative/impact questions.
, 9. A client’s weight is measured weekly for 4 weeks (no intervention), then a diet program is introduced and
measured for 8 weeks. This design is:
A) A-B design
B) A-B-A design
C) Multiple baseline
D) B-A design
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Baseline (A) followed by intervention (B) with no return to baseline. Weakest single-system design.
10. The Hawthorne effect refers to:
A) Participants dropping out
B) Behavior change because participants know they are being observed
C) Regression to the mean
D) Pretest sensitization
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Reactivity threat – people alter behavior when aware of observation.
11. Which of the following is an expressed need?
A) A doctor says flu shots are too low
B) Residents say they want a park
C) 500 people are on a waitlist for housing
D) One county has higher poverty than another
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Expressed need = actual demand/behavior (waiting lists, service use).
12. A program evaluator uses surveys, focus groups, and archival data, then compares findings across sources.
This is:
A) Meta-analysis
B) Triangulation/convergent analysis
C) Secondary data analysis
D) Cost-effectiveness analysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Triangulation uses multiple methods to cross-validate findings and reduce bias.
13. In a logic model, the correct sequence is:
A) Outcomes → Outputs → Activities → Inputs
B) Inputs → Activities → Outputs → Outcomes
C) Inputs → Outcomes → Activities → Outputs
D) Activities → Inputs → Outputs → Outcomes
