LATEST APRIL 2026 CASE STUDY WEEK 7
57 YEARS OLD PATIENT ,PRESENT HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE NRNP 6512
PART 1: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) & QUALITY TOOLS (Questions 1-35)
Q1. Which total quality management (TQM) process was developed to stress management's
responsibility for quality?
A) ISO 9000
B) Six Sigma
C) 14 points for quality improvement
D) PDSA cycle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: W. Edwards Deming developed the "14 Points" to guide companies in quality
improvement, emphasizing management's responsibility for quality . This was a shift from the
traditional view that workers were solely responsible for defects. Deming argued that 85-94%
of quality problems stem from the system that management creates, not from worker error.
Q2. Which TQM process consists of published international standards and guidelines?
A) Six Sigma
B) ISO 14000
C) ISO 9000
D) Malcolm Baldrige Award
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ISO 9000 is a set of international quality standards and a certification demonstrating
companies have met all the standards specified . ISO 9000 focuses on quality management
systems (QMS). ISO 14000 addresses environmental responsibility. The current version is ISO
9001:2015.
Q3. What is the most important principle of TQM?
,A) Maximizing shareholder value
B) Meeting the needs and satisfaction of customers
C) Enhancing employee morale
D) Reducing operational costs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: TQM is fundamentally a customer-focused philosophy . Quality is defined as
meeting or exceeding customer expectations. Without customer satisfaction, continuous
improvement efforts lack direction and purpose. All other TQM principles (continuous
improvement, employee empowerment, process management) serve this ultimate goal.
Q4. The common theme in TQM across all functions in an organization is to:
A) Maximize shareholder value
B) Eliminate all forms of waste
C) Satisfy customer needs
D) Reduce employee turnover
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TQM's most important principle is its focus on customer needs and satisfaction . All
quality efforts must ultimately align with what customers value. This customer-centric
approach drives process improvements, employee training, and supplier quality management.
Q5. What is the primary focus of Six Sigma in operations management?
A) Enhancing employee satisfaction
B) Reducing defects and improving quality
C) Lowering operational costs
D) Increasing production speed
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven methodology for eliminating defects, driving
toward six standard deviations between the mean and the nearest specification limit, resulting
in approximately 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO) .
Q6. Which quality tool is used to record the frequency of occurrence of certain process
failures?
,A) Pareto chart
B) Checklist
C) Cause-and-effect diagram
D) Control chart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A checklist (or check sheet) is a simple data-recording tool used to collect and tally
frequency data for specific events or defects . It is one of the seven basic quality tools. The
checklist helps ensure consistent data collection and provides raw data for further analysis
using Pareto charts or histograms.
Q7. A cause-and-effect diagram is also known as a:
A) Pareto chart
B) Fishbone diagram
C) Control chart
D) Scatter plot
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A cause-and-effect diagram is commonly called a fishbone diagram (or Ishikawa
diagram) because its shape resembles a fish skeleton . It is used to identify potential causes of a
quality problem through brainstorming and root cause analysis.
Q8. What is the main purpose of using a Cause and Effect Diagram?
A) Estimate process variation
B) Identify special cause variation
C) Perform root cause analysis
D) Estimate process capability
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cause-and-effect diagrams help quality teams systematically explore and
document all possible causes of a problem . They organize potential causes into categories
(often the 6 Ms: Man, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement, Mother Nature) for
structured root cause analysis. This is the foundation of many continuous improvement
initiatives.
, Q9. Which technique is used to identify quality problems based on their degree of
importance?
A) Histogram
B) Pareto Analysis
C) Scatter Diagram
D) Flowchart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pareto analysis is a technique used to identify quality problems based on their
degree of importance, based on the Pareto principle (80/20 rule) that a minority of causes
leads to the majority of problems .
Q10. What is the primary purpose of Pareto Analysis in quality management?
A) To forecast future sales
B) To identify the most significant quality problems
C) To calculate production costs
D) To design new products
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pareto analysis distinguishes the "vital few" from the "trivial many," enabling
organizations to allocate resources efficiently . Roughly 80% of quality problems come from
20% of the causes. Focusing improvement efforts on these vital few causes yields the greatest
overall benefit.
Q11. A chart that shows the frequency distribution of observed values of a variable is called
a:
A) Control chart
B) Histogram
C) Scatter diagram
D) Pareto chart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A histogram displays data distribution by grouping values into intervals (bins) and
showing frequency as bar heights . It reveals the shape, center, and spread of data, helping
identify patterns such as normal distribution or skewness.
57 YEARS OLD PATIENT ,PRESENT HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE NRNP 6512
PART 1: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) & QUALITY TOOLS (Questions 1-35)
Q1. Which total quality management (TQM) process was developed to stress management's
responsibility for quality?
A) ISO 9000
B) Six Sigma
C) 14 points for quality improvement
D) PDSA cycle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: W. Edwards Deming developed the "14 Points" to guide companies in quality
improvement, emphasizing management's responsibility for quality . This was a shift from the
traditional view that workers were solely responsible for defects. Deming argued that 85-94%
of quality problems stem from the system that management creates, not from worker error.
Q2. Which TQM process consists of published international standards and guidelines?
A) Six Sigma
B) ISO 14000
C) ISO 9000
D) Malcolm Baldrige Award
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ISO 9000 is a set of international quality standards and a certification demonstrating
companies have met all the standards specified . ISO 9000 focuses on quality management
systems (QMS). ISO 14000 addresses environmental responsibility. The current version is ISO
9001:2015.
Q3. What is the most important principle of TQM?
,A) Maximizing shareholder value
B) Meeting the needs and satisfaction of customers
C) Enhancing employee morale
D) Reducing operational costs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: TQM is fundamentally a customer-focused philosophy . Quality is defined as
meeting or exceeding customer expectations. Without customer satisfaction, continuous
improvement efforts lack direction and purpose. All other TQM principles (continuous
improvement, employee empowerment, process management) serve this ultimate goal.
Q4. The common theme in TQM across all functions in an organization is to:
A) Maximize shareholder value
B) Eliminate all forms of waste
C) Satisfy customer needs
D) Reduce employee turnover
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TQM's most important principle is its focus on customer needs and satisfaction . All
quality efforts must ultimately align with what customers value. This customer-centric
approach drives process improvements, employee training, and supplier quality management.
Q5. What is the primary focus of Six Sigma in operations management?
A) Enhancing employee satisfaction
B) Reducing defects and improving quality
C) Lowering operational costs
D) Increasing production speed
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven methodology for eliminating defects, driving
toward six standard deviations between the mean and the nearest specification limit, resulting
in approximately 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO) .
Q6. Which quality tool is used to record the frequency of occurrence of certain process
failures?
,A) Pareto chart
B) Checklist
C) Cause-and-effect diagram
D) Control chart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A checklist (or check sheet) is a simple data-recording tool used to collect and tally
frequency data for specific events or defects . It is one of the seven basic quality tools. The
checklist helps ensure consistent data collection and provides raw data for further analysis
using Pareto charts or histograms.
Q7. A cause-and-effect diagram is also known as a:
A) Pareto chart
B) Fishbone diagram
C) Control chart
D) Scatter plot
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A cause-and-effect diagram is commonly called a fishbone diagram (or Ishikawa
diagram) because its shape resembles a fish skeleton . It is used to identify potential causes of a
quality problem through brainstorming and root cause analysis.
Q8. What is the main purpose of using a Cause and Effect Diagram?
A) Estimate process variation
B) Identify special cause variation
C) Perform root cause analysis
D) Estimate process capability
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cause-and-effect diagrams help quality teams systematically explore and
document all possible causes of a problem . They organize potential causes into categories
(often the 6 Ms: Man, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement, Mother Nature) for
structured root cause analysis. This is the foundation of many continuous improvement
initiatives.
, Q9. Which technique is used to identify quality problems based on their degree of
importance?
A) Histogram
B) Pareto Analysis
C) Scatter Diagram
D) Flowchart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pareto analysis is a technique used to identify quality problems based on their
degree of importance, based on the Pareto principle (80/20 rule) that a minority of causes
leads to the majority of problems .
Q10. What is the primary purpose of Pareto Analysis in quality management?
A) To forecast future sales
B) To identify the most significant quality problems
C) To calculate production costs
D) To design new products
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pareto analysis distinguishes the "vital few" from the "trivial many," enabling
organizations to allocate resources efficiently . Roughly 80% of quality problems come from
20% of the causes. Focusing improvement efforts on these vital few causes yields the greatest
overall benefit.
Q11. A chart that shows the frequency distribution of observed values of a variable is called
a:
A) Control chart
B) Histogram
C) Scatter diagram
D) Pareto chart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A histogram displays data distribution by grouping values into intervals (bins) and
showing frequency as bar heights . It reveals the shape, center, and spread of data, helping
identify patterns such as normal distribution or skewness.
