NSG 5240 WEEK 8 LATEST MEDICAL 2026
STUDY QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS
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SECTION 1: CELLULAR BIOLOGY & ADAPTATION (Questions 1–15)
1. Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?
A) Nucleus
B) Ribosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C – Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, converting chemical energy from
glucose into ATP via cellular respiration. The nucleus contains DNA; ribosomes synthesize
proteins; the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins .
2. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size leading to organ
enlargement?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B – Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size in response to increased workload. Cardiac
myocytes cannot undergo hyperplasia (they are terminally differentiated), so they respond by
enlarging, as seen in chronic hypertension .
3. A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver fibrosis. The extracellular matrix
accumulation is primarily due to activation of:
A) Kupffer cells
,B) Hepatocytes
C) Hepatic stellate cells
D) Endothelial cells
Correct Answer: C – Hepatic stellate cells
Rationale: Hepatic stellate cells transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts that produce type I
collagen, leading to fibrosis in chronic liver injury .
4. The process by which cells engulf large particles or microorganisms is called:
A) Pinocytosis
B) Phagocytosis
C) Exocytosis
D) Osmosis
Correct Answer: B – Phagocytosis
Rationale: Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles such as
bacteria or cellular debris. Pinocytosis ("cell drinking") involves ingestion of fluid and small
solutes .
5. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of cells in an organ
or tissue?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B – Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Examples include breast enlargement
during pregnancy (physiologic) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (pathologic) .
6. Which finding indicates that cell injury is reversible?
A) Rupture of lysosomes
B) Mitochondrial cristae disruption with swelling
C) Nuclear chromatin clumping
D) Cell membrane blebbing that resolves
Correct Answer: D – Cell membrane blebbing that resolves
Rationale: Reversible injury shows blebbing, ER swelling, and mild mitochondrial changes. Once
membrane rupture or irreversible nuclear changes occur, injury is irreversible .
, 7. The hallmark of irreversible cell injury is:
A) Cellular swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Membrane damage and nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis)
D) ATP depletion
Correct Answer: C – Membrane damage and nuclear changes
Rationale: Reversible injury features cellular swelling and fatty change. Irreversible injury is
characterized by membrane damage and nuclear changes: pyknosis (shrinkage), karyorrhexis
(fragmentation), and karyolysis (dissolution) .
8. Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the lungs of a patient with tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: C – Caseous necrosis
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, giving a
"cheese-like" appearance. It is characteristic of tuberculosis. Coagulative necrosis occurs in solid
organs; liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain .
9. A pathologist notes "coagulative necrosis" in a kidney biopsy. This finding is typical of:
A) Brain infarct
B) Tuberculosis infection
C) Ischemic injury in solid organs (except brain)
D) Pancreatic enzymatic necrosis
Correct Answer: C – Ischemic injury in solid organs (except brain)
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture for days and is typical of
hypoxic/ischemic injury in solid organs like heart, kidney, and liver. Brain infarcts show
liquefactive necrosis; TB shows caseous necrosis .
10. A patient with acute pancreatitis develops fat necrosis. This is caused by:
A) Ischemia
B) Release of pancreatic lipases that break down triglycerides into fatty acids, which combine
with calcium (saponification)
STUDY QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS
TOP
SECTION 1: CELLULAR BIOLOGY & ADAPTATION (Questions 1–15)
1. Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?
A) Nucleus
B) Ribosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C – Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, converting chemical energy from
glucose into ATP via cellular respiration. The nucleus contains DNA; ribosomes synthesize
proteins; the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins .
2. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size leading to organ
enlargement?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B – Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size in response to increased workload. Cardiac
myocytes cannot undergo hyperplasia (they are terminally differentiated), so they respond by
enlarging, as seen in chronic hypertension .
3. A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver fibrosis. The extracellular matrix
accumulation is primarily due to activation of:
A) Kupffer cells
,B) Hepatocytes
C) Hepatic stellate cells
D) Endothelial cells
Correct Answer: C – Hepatic stellate cells
Rationale: Hepatic stellate cells transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts that produce type I
collagen, leading to fibrosis in chronic liver injury .
4. The process by which cells engulf large particles or microorganisms is called:
A) Pinocytosis
B) Phagocytosis
C) Exocytosis
D) Osmosis
Correct Answer: B – Phagocytosis
Rationale: Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles such as
bacteria or cellular debris. Pinocytosis ("cell drinking") involves ingestion of fluid and small
solutes .
5. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of cells in an organ
or tissue?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B – Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Examples include breast enlargement
during pregnancy (physiologic) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (pathologic) .
6. Which finding indicates that cell injury is reversible?
A) Rupture of lysosomes
B) Mitochondrial cristae disruption with swelling
C) Nuclear chromatin clumping
D) Cell membrane blebbing that resolves
Correct Answer: D – Cell membrane blebbing that resolves
Rationale: Reversible injury shows blebbing, ER swelling, and mild mitochondrial changes. Once
membrane rupture or irreversible nuclear changes occur, injury is irreversible .
, 7. The hallmark of irreversible cell injury is:
A) Cellular swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Membrane damage and nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis)
D) ATP depletion
Correct Answer: C – Membrane damage and nuclear changes
Rationale: Reversible injury features cellular swelling and fatty change. Irreversible injury is
characterized by membrane damage and nuclear changes: pyknosis (shrinkage), karyorrhexis
(fragmentation), and karyolysis (dissolution) .
8. Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the lungs of a patient with tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: C – Caseous necrosis
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, giving a
"cheese-like" appearance. It is characteristic of tuberculosis. Coagulative necrosis occurs in solid
organs; liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain .
9. A pathologist notes "coagulative necrosis" in a kidney biopsy. This finding is typical of:
A) Brain infarct
B) Tuberculosis infection
C) Ischemic injury in solid organs (except brain)
D) Pancreatic enzymatic necrosis
Correct Answer: C – Ischemic injury in solid organs (except brain)
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture for days and is typical of
hypoxic/ischemic injury in solid organs like heart, kidney, and liver. Brain infarcts show
liquefactive necrosis; TB shows caseous necrosis .
10. A patient with acute pancreatitis develops fat necrosis. This is caused by:
A) Ischemia
B) Release of pancreatic lipases that break down triglycerides into fatty acids, which combine
with calcium (saponification)
