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,Norepinephrine is _________ in patients with generalized Norepinephrine is increased in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.
anxiety disorder?
GABA and serotonin levels are ___________ in patients with GABA and serotonin levels are decreased in patients with generalized anxiety
generalized anxiety disorder. disorder.
What is the psychotherapy of choice for patients with Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy of choice for patients with
generalized anxiety disorder? generalized anxiety disorder.
First line medication for the treatment of GAD? Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine
reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the first-line drug classes for generalized anxiety
disorder.
Second line medications for the treatment of GAD? Buspirone and Tricyclic antidepressants are second-line medications for
generalized anxiety disorder
This class of medications in small to moderate doses Benzodiazepines (anxiolytics) in small to moderate doses may also be effective,
may also be effective, although sustained use may lead although sustained use may lead to physical dependence.
to physical dependence
Describe panic disorder? Panic disorder is occurrence of repeated panic attacks typically accompanied
by fears about future attacks or changes in behavior to avoid situations that might
predispose to attacks
DSM V criteria for panic disorder? 1. > 1 panic attack that reoccurs w/o warning and >4 symptoms
2. At least a month or more of worry or avoidant behavior
In order to be classified as panic disorder patients need Patients need to experience the abrupt onset of at least four of the following 13
to experience the abrupt onset of at least four of 13 symptoms:
symptoms. What are they? ● pounding heart or fast heart rate
● chest pain or discomfort
● sweating
● trembling
● shortness of breath
● nausea
● dizziness
● chills
● numbness
● feelings of choking
● feelings of being detached from oneself
● fear of losing control
● fear of dying
, To diagnose panic disorder, how long must symptoms be To be considered panic disorder one must experience: recurrent, unexpected
present? panic attacks with at least a month or more of worry or avoidant behavior
Patients with a panic disorder can’t predict where the Patients with a panic disorder can’t predict where the panic attack will happen
panic attack will happen next and are likely to develop next, so it’s important to seek treatment before patients develop avoidance, which
what? is when they actively avoid the places where a panic attack previously occurred.
What is it called when a patient experiences anxiety just This is called anticipatory anxiety
thinking about the possibility of having a panic attack?
The fear of going into crowded spaces? Agoraphobia
What are the first-line agents for the management of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and SNRIs (venlafaxine) are the first-line
panic disorder? agents for the management of panic disorder
What can be taken PRN for panic attacks? Benzodiazepines and hydroxyzine
What has been an effective type of psychotherapy for Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been an effective type of psychotherapy for
patients with panic disorder? patients with panic disorder
If the panic disorder is very severe what class of If panic disorder is very severe, anti-seizure medications may sometimes be
medications may sometimes be prescribed? prescribed
What are phobias? Phobias are extreme, often unreasonable and irrational fears of something,
which could literally be anything
What are the three main types of phobias? There are three main types of phobias:
1. Specific phobias
2. Agoraphobia
3. Social phobia
Define specific phobic disorders? Specific phobic disorders consist of persistent, unreasonable, intense fears
(phobias) of specific situations, circumstances, or objects
Specific phobia DSM-V criteria? Persistent (>6 months) intense fear/anxiety of specific object/situation/place