ATI - The Cardiovascular System Exam
2026 Question and Answer | Final Review
and Answers | Grade A+
• Main Functions of the Cardiovascular System. CORRECT ANSWER:
Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, removes wastes, regulates
temperature and maintains homeostasis.
• Plasma. CORRECT ANSWER: Liquid portion of blood (~55%).
Contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones.
• Fibrinogen. CORRECT ANSWER: Helps clotting.
• Erythrocytes (RBCs). CORRECT ANSWER: Carry oxygen using
hemoglobin and transport carbon dioxide.
• Hemoglobin. CORRECT ANSWER: Oxygen-binding protein inside
RBCs.
• White Blood Cells (Leukocytes). CORRECT ANSWER: Fight
infection and disease.
• Platelets (Thrombocytes). CORRECT ANSWER: Responsible for
blood clotting and vessel repair.
• Endocardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Inner layer; smooth lining
prevents clot formation.
• Myocardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Middle muscular pumping layer.
• Epicardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Outer layer; protection and
lubrication.
, • Fibrous Pericardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Tough protective outer
sac.
• Serous Pericardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Reduces friction.
• Pericardial Fluid. CORRECT ANSWER: Lubricates heart movement.
• Right Atrium. CORRECT ANSWER: Receives deoxygenated blood.
• Right Ventricle. CORRECT ANSWER: Pumps blood to lungs.
• Left Atrium. CORRECT ANSWER: Receives oxygenated blood.
• Left Ventricle. CORRECT ANSWER: Pumps blood to body; thickest
chamber.
• Tricuspid Valve. CORRECT ANSWER: RA → RV
• Pulmonary Valve. CORRECT ANSWER: RV → Pulmonary Artery
• Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve. CORRECT ANSWER: LA → LV
• Aortic Valve. CORRECT ANSWER: LV → Aorta
• Blood Flow Through the Heart. CORRECT ANSWER: Body → Vena
Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle →
Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins
→ Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve →
Aorta → Body
• Arteries. CORRECT ANSWER: Carry blood AWAY from the heart.
• Veins. CORRECT ANSWER: Carry blood TO the heart.
• Capillaries. CORRECT ANSWER: Sites of gas and nutrient exchange.
2026 Question and Answer | Final Review
and Answers | Grade A+
• Main Functions of the Cardiovascular System. CORRECT ANSWER:
Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, removes wastes, regulates
temperature and maintains homeostasis.
• Plasma. CORRECT ANSWER: Liquid portion of blood (~55%).
Contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones.
• Fibrinogen. CORRECT ANSWER: Helps clotting.
• Erythrocytes (RBCs). CORRECT ANSWER: Carry oxygen using
hemoglobin and transport carbon dioxide.
• Hemoglobin. CORRECT ANSWER: Oxygen-binding protein inside
RBCs.
• White Blood Cells (Leukocytes). CORRECT ANSWER: Fight
infection and disease.
• Platelets (Thrombocytes). CORRECT ANSWER: Responsible for
blood clotting and vessel repair.
• Endocardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Inner layer; smooth lining
prevents clot formation.
• Myocardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Middle muscular pumping layer.
• Epicardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Outer layer; protection and
lubrication.
, • Fibrous Pericardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Tough protective outer
sac.
• Serous Pericardium. CORRECT ANSWER: Reduces friction.
• Pericardial Fluid. CORRECT ANSWER: Lubricates heart movement.
• Right Atrium. CORRECT ANSWER: Receives deoxygenated blood.
• Right Ventricle. CORRECT ANSWER: Pumps blood to lungs.
• Left Atrium. CORRECT ANSWER: Receives oxygenated blood.
• Left Ventricle. CORRECT ANSWER: Pumps blood to body; thickest
chamber.
• Tricuspid Valve. CORRECT ANSWER: RA → RV
• Pulmonary Valve. CORRECT ANSWER: RV → Pulmonary Artery
• Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve. CORRECT ANSWER: LA → LV
• Aortic Valve. CORRECT ANSWER: LV → Aorta
• Blood Flow Through the Heart. CORRECT ANSWER: Body → Vena
Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle →
Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins
→ Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve →
Aorta → Body
• Arteries. CORRECT ANSWER: Carry blood AWAY from the heart.
• Veins. CORRECT ANSWER: Carry blood TO the heart.
• Capillaries. CORRECT ANSWER: Sites of gas and nutrient exchange.
