PAEA Internal Medicine EOR Testbank 2026
Question and Answer | Final Review Pack |
Grade A+
• CHF treatment -✓✓LMNOP: Lasix (relieves sx by removing fluids),
Morphine (reduces preload/heart strain), Nitrates (venodilators, reduces
preload and afterload), Oxygen, Position (place upright to decrease
venous return)
• Hypertension -✓✓elevated BP 2+ readings on 2+ visits: Systolic >/=
140 or diastolic >/= 90
• Primary HTN -✓✓Primary: HTN due to idiopathic etiology, usually +
family history
• Secondary HTN -✓✓Secondary: HTN due to underlying, identifiable
and often correctable cause, suspect if BP refractory to antihypertensives
or severely elevated
Causes: Renal artery stenosis (MC), primary hyperaldosteronism,
pheochromocytoma, Cushing's, Coarction of aorta
• HTN Classification -✓✓Pre-HTN: 120-139/80-89
Stage 1: 140-159/90-99
Stage 2: >160/>100
• Hypertensive Retinopathy
-Stages and sx -✓✓I: arterial narrowing
II: AV nicking
III: hemorrhages and soft exudates
IV: papilledema (malignant HTN)
,• HTN treatment goals -✓✓<140/90 in gen pop, DM, chronic renal
disease
<150/90 if >60 years
• HTN treatment in DM -✓✓ACEi (preferred), ARB
• HTN treatment in African Americans -✓✓Thiazides, CCB
• Thiazide Diuretics
-MOA
-SE -✓✓-DOC as initial therapy
-MOA: prevent kidney Na+/water reabsorption at DCT
-SE: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia,
hyperglycemia
• Loop Diuretics
-Drugs
-Ind
-MOA
-SE
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: Furosemide, Bumetanide
-Ind: CHF, hypercalcemia, severe edema
-MOA: inhibits H20 transport across Loop of Henle --> increased
excretion of water, Na, Cl, K
-SE: hypovolemia, hypokalemia/natremia/calcemia, hyperuricemia,
hyperglycemia, ototoxic
-CI: sulfa allergy
• K+ sparing diuretics
-Drugs
-MOA
-SE
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: Spironolactone, Amiloride, Eplerenone
-MOA: inhibits aldosterone-mediated Na/H20 absorption
, -SE: hyperkalemia, gynecomastia (spironolactone)
-CI: renal failure, hyponatremia
• ACEi
-Drugs
-Ind
-MOA
-SE
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: -pril
-Ind: HTN especially with DM, nephropathy, CHF, post MI
-MOA: cardioprotective, decrease preload and afterload, renoprotective
-SE: first dose hypotension, renal insufficiency, hyperkalemia, cough,
angioedema, hyperuricemia
-CI: pregnancy
• ARB
-Drugs
-Ind
-MOA
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: Losartan, Valsartan
-Ind: pts who can't tolerate BB/ACEi
-MOA: blocks angiotensin II
-CI: pregnancy
• CCB
-Drugs
-Ind
-SE
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: Dihydropyridines (Nefedipine, Amlodipine), Non-
dihydropyridines (Verapamil, Diltiazem)
-Ind: HTN, angina
-SE: vasodilation (headache, dizziness, flushing, peripheral edema)
-CI: CHF, 2nd/3rd degree heart block
Question and Answer | Final Review Pack |
Grade A+
• CHF treatment -✓✓LMNOP: Lasix (relieves sx by removing fluids),
Morphine (reduces preload/heart strain), Nitrates (venodilators, reduces
preload and afterload), Oxygen, Position (place upright to decrease
venous return)
• Hypertension -✓✓elevated BP 2+ readings on 2+ visits: Systolic >/=
140 or diastolic >/= 90
• Primary HTN -✓✓Primary: HTN due to idiopathic etiology, usually +
family history
• Secondary HTN -✓✓Secondary: HTN due to underlying, identifiable
and often correctable cause, suspect if BP refractory to antihypertensives
or severely elevated
Causes: Renal artery stenosis (MC), primary hyperaldosteronism,
pheochromocytoma, Cushing's, Coarction of aorta
• HTN Classification -✓✓Pre-HTN: 120-139/80-89
Stage 1: 140-159/90-99
Stage 2: >160/>100
• Hypertensive Retinopathy
-Stages and sx -✓✓I: arterial narrowing
II: AV nicking
III: hemorrhages and soft exudates
IV: papilledema (malignant HTN)
,• HTN treatment goals -✓✓<140/90 in gen pop, DM, chronic renal
disease
<150/90 if >60 years
• HTN treatment in DM -✓✓ACEi (preferred), ARB
• HTN treatment in African Americans -✓✓Thiazides, CCB
• Thiazide Diuretics
-MOA
-SE -✓✓-DOC as initial therapy
-MOA: prevent kidney Na+/water reabsorption at DCT
-SE: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia,
hyperglycemia
• Loop Diuretics
-Drugs
-Ind
-MOA
-SE
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: Furosemide, Bumetanide
-Ind: CHF, hypercalcemia, severe edema
-MOA: inhibits H20 transport across Loop of Henle --> increased
excretion of water, Na, Cl, K
-SE: hypovolemia, hypokalemia/natremia/calcemia, hyperuricemia,
hyperglycemia, ototoxic
-CI: sulfa allergy
• K+ sparing diuretics
-Drugs
-MOA
-SE
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: Spironolactone, Amiloride, Eplerenone
-MOA: inhibits aldosterone-mediated Na/H20 absorption
, -SE: hyperkalemia, gynecomastia (spironolactone)
-CI: renal failure, hyponatremia
• ACEi
-Drugs
-Ind
-MOA
-SE
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: -pril
-Ind: HTN especially with DM, nephropathy, CHF, post MI
-MOA: cardioprotective, decrease preload and afterload, renoprotective
-SE: first dose hypotension, renal insufficiency, hyperkalemia, cough,
angioedema, hyperuricemia
-CI: pregnancy
• ARB
-Drugs
-Ind
-MOA
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: Losartan, Valsartan
-Ind: pts who can't tolerate BB/ACEi
-MOA: blocks angiotensin II
-CI: pregnancy
• CCB
-Drugs
-Ind
-SE
-CI -✓✓-Drugs: Dihydropyridines (Nefedipine, Amlodipine), Non-
dihydropyridines (Verapamil, Diltiazem)
-Ind: HTN, angina
-SE: vasodilation (headache, dizziness, flushing, peripheral edema)
-CI: CHF, 2nd/3rd degree heart block
