1. What Essential vitamins in clotting is found in intestinal flora?: Vitamin
K
1. How is Vitamin K made in the intestinal flora?: Colonic microorganisms play a
role in vitamin synthesis and in absorption of calcium, magnesium, and iron. colonic flora, for
example, synthesizes vitamin ... ex. nb infant does not synthesize vitamin ... in 1st week of life
3. Intestinal Flora Roles and Functions: Metabolic activities that salvage energy &
absorbable
nutrients
Trophic ettects on intestinal epithelial cells
Protection of the colonized host against invasion by pathogenic organisms
Major metabolic function of colonic microflora is the fermentation of undigestible dietary residue &
endogenous mucus produced by the epithelial cells.
Fermentation of carbohydrates, including resistant starches, cellulose, pectins, unabsorbed sugars, is a
major energy source in the colon
,4, Celiac Disease: (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) - immune-mediated disorder (T-cell) triggered by
ingestion
of gluten containing grains (most common genetic diseases today 1-6%)
Inflammation reaction that results in the loss of absorptive villi from the intestine impaired
absorption of macronu-trients (proteins, carbs, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)
Exposure to gluten is most prominent in the proximal part of small intestine
Dx is based on clinical manifestations (S&S), serologic tests, intestinal small bowel biopsy, IgA
antihuman tissue transgluaminase (TTG) and IgA endomysial antibody immunofluorescence (EMA),
common to get iron deficiency anemia (IDA) if positive
5. Celiac Disease dietary recommendations: removal of gluten and related proteins
from the
diet. Meats, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products are free of gluten as long as they are not
contaminated during processing. Complete exclusion of dietary gluten generally results in rapid and
complete healing of the intestinal mucosa.
6. What medications affect Gastric Mucosa layers?: Nsaids ex. aspirin causes
erosion and
damage to superficial cells.
1. Which NSAID increases risk for GI Bleeding?: Aspirin - Gastric irritation and
occult bleeding due to gastric irritation
,8. How do we get rid of bilirubin?: Pressure in the common duct largely is responsible for regulating
passage of bile into the intestine. it empties bile into the intestine as the gallbladder contracts, producing an increase
in common duct pressure. The sphincters in the common duct then regulate the flow of bile.
9. How does the body break down and digest fat?: Your liver makes a digestive juice called
bile that helps digest fats and some vitamins. pancreas also secretes pancreatic amylase, which breaks down starch,
and lipases, which hydrolyze neutral fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
10. What is function and role of gallbladder?: store and concentrate bile.
1. What is Hep A and how is it transmitted?: caused by the HAV, a small, unenveloped,
positive-sense RNA virus.
fecal-oral route
incubation period of 14 to 28 days
replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is shed in the stool.
fL. Examples of Hep A transmission: Drinking contaminated milk or water and eating shellfish from
infected waters are fairly common routes of transmission.
Young Children - asymptomatic (oral behavior and lack of toilet training)
Not transmitted by blood or plasma due to signs of illness
13. What is Hep B and how is it transmitted?: caused by the HBV, a small, double-stranded DNA
virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family.
longer incubation period and represents a more serious health problem than hepatitis
A.
inoculation with infected blood or serum
, 14, Examples of Hep B transmission: Oral and body secretions (sexual contact), injecting drug users,
heterosexuals with multiple sex partners, and men who have sex with men
blood exposure and accidental needle injuries.
can be spread through transfusion or administration of blood products
15. What is Hep C and how is it transmitted?: an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
virus from the Flaviviridae family and genus Hepacivirus.
HCV infection ranges from 2 to 26 weeks (average, 6 to 12 weeks)
direct exposure to blood, via blood transfusions (main route) , unsafe healthcare-related injections, and intravenous
drug use.
16. Example of Hep C transmission: unsafe medical procedures and unscreened blood transfusions,
recreational injecting drug use (most common,High-risk sexual behavior, needle stick injury
tattooing, acupuncture, and body piercing
K
1. How is Vitamin K made in the intestinal flora?: Colonic microorganisms play a
role in vitamin synthesis and in absorption of calcium, magnesium, and iron. colonic flora, for
example, synthesizes vitamin ... ex. nb infant does not synthesize vitamin ... in 1st week of life
3. Intestinal Flora Roles and Functions: Metabolic activities that salvage energy &
absorbable
nutrients
Trophic ettects on intestinal epithelial cells
Protection of the colonized host against invasion by pathogenic organisms
Major metabolic function of colonic microflora is the fermentation of undigestible dietary residue &
endogenous mucus produced by the epithelial cells.
Fermentation of carbohydrates, including resistant starches, cellulose, pectins, unabsorbed sugars, is a
major energy source in the colon
,4, Celiac Disease: (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) - immune-mediated disorder (T-cell) triggered by
ingestion
of gluten containing grains (most common genetic diseases today 1-6%)
Inflammation reaction that results in the loss of absorptive villi from the intestine impaired
absorption of macronu-trients (proteins, carbs, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)
Exposure to gluten is most prominent in the proximal part of small intestine
Dx is based on clinical manifestations (S&S), serologic tests, intestinal small bowel biopsy, IgA
antihuman tissue transgluaminase (TTG) and IgA endomysial antibody immunofluorescence (EMA),
common to get iron deficiency anemia (IDA) if positive
5. Celiac Disease dietary recommendations: removal of gluten and related proteins
from the
diet. Meats, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products are free of gluten as long as they are not
contaminated during processing. Complete exclusion of dietary gluten generally results in rapid and
complete healing of the intestinal mucosa.
6. What medications affect Gastric Mucosa layers?: Nsaids ex. aspirin causes
erosion and
damage to superficial cells.
1. Which NSAID increases risk for GI Bleeding?: Aspirin - Gastric irritation and
occult bleeding due to gastric irritation
,8. How do we get rid of bilirubin?: Pressure in the common duct largely is responsible for regulating
passage of bile into the intestine. it empties bile into the intestine as the gallbladder contracts, producing an increase
in common duct pressure. The sphincters in the common duct then regulate the flow of bile.
9. How does the body break down and digest fat?: Your liver makes a digestive juice called
bile that helps digest fats and some vitamins. pancreas also secretes pancreatic amylase, which breaks down starch,
and lipases, which hydrolyze neutral fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
10. What is function and role of gallbladder?: store and concentrate bile.
1. What is Hep A and how is it transmitted?: caused by the HAV, a small, unenveloped,
positive-sense RNA virus.
fecal-oral route
incubation period of 14 to 28 days
replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is shed in the stool.
fL. Examples of Hep A transmission: Drinking contaminated milk or water and eating shellfish from
infected waters are fairly common routes of transmission.
Young Children - asymptomatic (oral behavior and lack of toilet training)
Not transmitted by blood or plasma due to signs of illness
13. What is Hep B and how is it transmitted?: caused by the HBV, a small, double-stranded DNA
virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family.
longer incubation period and represents a more serious health problem than hepatitis
A.
inoculation with infected blood or serum
, 14, Examples of Hep B transmission: Oral and body secretions (sexual contact), injecting drug users,
heterosexuals with multiple sex partners, and men who have sex with men
blood exposure and accidental needle injuries.
can be spread through transfusion or administration of blood products
15. What is Hep C and how is it transmitted?: an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
virus from the Flaviviridae family and genus Hepacivirus.
HCV infection ranges from 2 to 26 weeks (average, 6 to 12 weeks)
direct exposure to blood, via blood transfusions (main route) , unsafe healthcare-related injections, and intravenous
drug use.
16. Example of Hep C transmission: unsafe medical procedures and unscreened blood transfusions,
recreational injecting drug use (most common,High-risk sexual behavior, needle stick injury
tattooing, acupuncture, and body piercing
