ELEMENTARY STATISTICS Picturing
The World 6th Edition by Larson
, Table of content
CHAPTER. 1 Introduction to Statistics .....................................................................................................4
1.1 An Overview of Statistics ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Data Classification ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design ........................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER. 2 Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................................................ 13
2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs .................................................................................................... 13
2.2 More Graphs and Displays ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.3 Measures of Central Tendency ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.4 Measures of Variation ............................................................................................................................................ 33
2.5 Measures of Position .............................................................................................................................................. 43
CHAPTER. 3 Probability................................................................................................................................... 73
3.1 Basic Concepts of Probability and Counting ................................................................................................. 73
3.2 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule .................................................................................... 82
3.3 The Addition Rule .................................................................................................................................................... 86
3.4 Additional Topics in Probability and Counting ............................................................................................. 94
CHAPTER. 4 Discrete Probability Distributions .............................................................................. 103
4.1 Probability Distributions ...................................................................................................................................... 103
4.2 Binomial Distributions .......................................................................................................................................... 111
4.3 More Discrete Probability Distributions ......................................................................................................... 118
CHAPTER. 5 Normal Probability Distributions ................................................................................ 128
5.1 Introduction to Normal Distributions and the Standard Normal Distribution ............................... 128
5.2 Normal Distributions: Finding Probabilities ................................................................................................. 132
5.3 Normal Distributions: Finding Values ............................................................................................................ 134
5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem ......................................................................... 139
5.5 Normal Approximations to Binomial Distributions.................................................................................... 144
CHAPTER. 6 Confidence Intervals ......................................................................................................... 155
6.1 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (Large Samples) .............................................................................. 155
6.2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (Small Samples) .............................................................................. 158
6.3 Confidence Intervals for Population Proportions ....................................................................................... 161
6.4 Confidence Intervals for Variance and Standard Deviation ................................................................. 164
CHAPTER. 7 Hypothesis Testing with One Sample ...................................................................... 172
7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing ................................................................................................................ 172
7.2 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Large Samples) ................................................................................. 176
7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Small Samples) ................................................................................. 179
7.4 Hypothesis Testing for Proportions ................................................................................................................ 183
7.5 Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard Deviation..................................................................... 185
CHAPTER. 8 Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples ................................................................... 199
8.1 Testing the Difference Between Means (Large Independent Samples)........................................... 199
8.2 Testing the Difference Between Means (Small Independent Samples) .......................................... 209
8.3 Testing the Difference Between Means (Dependent Samples) ........................................................... 218
8.4 Testing the Difference Between Proportions .............................................................................................. 225
CHAPTER. 9 Correlation and Regression ........................................................................................... 236
9.1 Correlation ................................................................................................................................................................ 236
9.2 Linear Regression .................................................................................................................................................. 245
9.3 Measures of Regression and Prediction Intervals..................................................................................... 256
9.4 Multiple Regression ............................................................................................................................................... 264
CHAPTER. 10 Chi-Square Tests and the F-Distribution ............................................................. 274
10.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test ......................................................................................................................................... 274
10.2 Independence ....................................................................................................................................................... 282
10.3 Comparing Two Variances ............................................................................................................................... 292
10.4 Analysis of Variance........................................................................................................................................... 300
CHAPTER. 11 Nonparametric Tests....................................................................................................... 319
,11.1 The Sign Test ....................................................................................................................................................... 319
11.2 The Wilcoxon Tests ............................................................................................................................................ 327
11.3 The Kruskal-Wallis Test ................................................................................................................................... 333
11.4 Rank Correlation .................................................................................................................................................. 337
11.5 The Runs Test ...................................................................................................................................................... 344
, CHAPTER. 1 Introduction to Statistics
1.1 An Overview of Statistics
1 Distinguish Between a Population and a Sample
ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Identify the population and the sample.
1) A survey of 1378 American households found that 27% of the households own a computer.
2) When 1094 American households were surveyed, it was found that 67% of them owned two cars.
3) A survey of 2625 elementary school children found that 28% of the children could be classified as
obese.
2 Distinguish Between a Parameter and a Statistic
ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic. Explain your reasoning.
4) A recent survey by the alumni of a major university indicated that the average salary of
10,500 of its 17 5,000 graduates was $95,000.
5) The average salary of all assembly -line employees at a certain car manufacturer is $41,000..
6) A survey of 1162 students was taken from a university with 10,000 students.
3 Distinguish Between Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Identify whether the statement describes inferential statistics or descriptive statistics.
7) The average age of the students in a statistics class is 19 years.
A) descriptive statistics B) inferential statistics
8) The chances of winning the California Lottery are one chance in twenty-two million.
A) inferential statistics B) descriptive statistics
9) There is a relationship between smoking cigarettes and getting emphysema.
A) inferential statistics B) descriptive statistics
10) From past figures, it is predicted that 19% of the registered voters in California will vote in the
June primary.
A) inferential statistics B) descriptive statistics
11) Based on previous clients, a marriage counselor concludes that the majority of
marriages that begin with cohabitation before marriage will result in divorce.
A) inferential statistics B) descriptive statistics
4 Concepts
ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Provide an appropriate response.
12) Explain the difference between a sample and a population.
13) If you had to do a statistical study, would you use a sample or a population? Why?
Page 1
The World 6th Edition by Larson
, Table of content
CHAPTER. 1 Introduction to Statistics .....................................................................................................4
1.1 An Overview of Statistics ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Data Classification ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design ........................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER. 2 Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................................................ 13
2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs .................................................................................................... 13
2.2 More Graphs and Displays ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.3 Measures of Central Tendency ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.4 Measures of Variation ............................................................................................................................................ 33
2.5 Measures of Position .............................................................................................................................................. 43
CHAPTER. 3 Probability................................................................................................................................... 73
3.1 Basic Concepts of Probability and Counting ................................................................................................. 73
3.2 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule .................................................................................... 82
3.3 The Addition Rule .................................................................................................................................................... 86
3.4 Additional Topics in Probability and Counting ............................................................................................. 94
CHAPTER. 4 Discrete Probability Distributions .............................................................................. 103
4.1 Probability Distributions ...................................................................................................................................... 103
4.2 Binomial Distributions .......................................................................................................................................... 111
4.3 More Discrete Probability Distributions ......................................................................................................... 118
CHAPTER. 5 Normal Probability Distributions ................................................................................ 128
5.1 Introduction to Normal Distributions and the Standard Normal Distribution ............................... 128
5.2 Normal Distributions: Finding Probabilities ................................................................................................. 132
5.3 Normal Distributions: Finding Values ............................................................................................................ 134
5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem ......................................................................... 139
5.5 Normal Approximations to Binomial Distributions.................................................................................... 144
CHAPTER. 6 Confidence Intervals ......................................................................................................... 155
6.1 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (Large Samples) .............................................................................. 155
6.2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (Small Samples) .............................................................................. 158
6.3 Confidence Intervals for Population Proportions ....................................................................................... 161
6.4 Confidence Intervals for Variance and Standard Deviation ................................................................. 164
CHAPTER. 7 Hypothesis Testing with One Sample ...................................................................... 172
7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing ................................................................................................................ 172
7.2 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Large Samples) ................................................................................. 176
7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Small Samples) ................................................................................. 179
7.4 Hypothesis Testing for Proportions ................................................................................................................ 183
7.5 Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard Deviation..................................................................... 185
CHAPTER. 8 Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples ................................................................... 199
8.1 Testing the Difference Between Means (Large Independent Samples)........................................... 199
8.2 Testing the Difference Between Means (Small Independent Samples) .......................................... 209
8.3 Testing the Difference Between Means (Dependent Samples) ........................................................... 218
8.4 Testing the Difference Between Proportions .............................................................................................. 225
CHAPTER. 9 Correlation and Regression ........................................................................................... 236
9.1 Correlation ................................................................................................................................................................ 236
9.2 Linear Regression .................................................................................................................................................. 245
9.3 Measures of Regression and Prediction Intervals..................................................................................... 256
9.4 Multiple Regression ............................................................................................................................................... 264
CHAPTER. 10 Chi-Square Tests and the F-Distribution ............................................................. 274
10.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test ......................................................................................................................................... 274
10.2 Independence ....................................................................................................................................................... 282
10.3 Comparing Two Variances ............................................................................................................................... 292
10.4 Analysis of Variance........................................................................................................................................... 300
CHAPTER. 11 Nonparametric Tests....................................................................................................... 319
,11.1 The Sign Test ....................................................................................................................................................... 319
11.2 The Wilcoxon Tests ............................................................................................................................................ 327
11.3 The Kruskal-Wallis Test ................................................................................................................................... 333
11.4 Rank Correlation .................................................................................................................................................. 337
11.5 The Runs Test ...................................................................................................................................................... 344
, CHAPTER. 1 Introduction to Statistics
1.1 An Overview of Statistics
1 Distinguish Between a Population and a Sample
ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Identify the population and the sample.
1) A survey of 1378 American households found that 27% of the households own a computer.
2) When 1094 American households were surveyed, it was found that 67% of them owned two cars.
3) A survey of 2625 elementary school children found that 28% of the children could be classified as
obese.
2 Distinguish Between a Parameter and a Statistic
ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic. Explain your reasoning.
4) A recent survey by the alumni of a major university indicated that the average salary of
10,500 of its 17 5,000 graduates was $95,000.
5) The average salary of all assembly -line employees at a certain car manufacturer is $41,000..
6) A survey of 1162 students was taken from a university with 10,000 students.
3 Distinguish Between Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Identify whether the statement describes inferential statistics or descriptive statistics.
7) The average age of the students in a statistics class is 19 years.
A) descriptive statistics B) inferential statistics
8) The chances of winning the California Lottery are one chance in twenty-two million.
A) inferential statistics B) descriptive statistics
9) There is a relationship between smoking cigarettes and getting emphysema.
A) inferential statistics B) descriptive statistics
10) From past figures, it is predicted that 19% of the registered voters in California will vote in the
June primary.
A) inferential statistics B) descriptive statistics
11) Based on previous clients, a marriage counselor concludes that the majority of
marriages that begin with cohabitation before marriage will result in divorce.
A) inferential statistics B) descriptive statistics
4 Concepts
ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Provide an appropriate response.
12) Explain the difference between a sample and a population.
13) If you had to do a statistical study, would you use a sample or a population? Why?
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