NUR 376 Patho EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
Phases of Inflammation:
Vascular Permeability - ANSWER Inflammation stimulates blood vessel dilation
and opening of capillary pores. Capillary pores allows fluid and cells (WBCs and
platelets) to arrive at site of injury.
Phases of Inflammation:
Cellular Chemotaxis - ANSWER Chemical signal that calls out to WBC's to site of
injury. Results in leukocytosis, where WBCs are released from the bone marrow
and into the blood stream.
**Doctor is able to analyze the type of WBC and number of WBCs to determine
type and severity of infection.
Phases of Inflammation:
Systemic Responses - ANSWER Patient experiences symptoms such as:
-Fever
-lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
-pain
,-sleepiness
-lethargy
-anemia
-weight loss
** Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, and ILs are
responsible for many of these effects
Mediators of Inflammation (5) - ANSWER 1. Cytokines (Interleukins ILs & TNF-
alpha)
-either amplify or deactivate inflammatory response
-stimulate liver to release acute phase proteins
2. Chemokines
- proteins that attract WBCs to site of injury
3. Acute phase proteins
-Facilitates WBC phagocytosis
-Include: C reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and hecidin
4. Prostaglandins
5. Pyrogens
What is acute inflammation? - ANSWER Short term inflammatory response that
resolves once infection has been resolved.
What is chronic inflammation? - ANSWER Ongoing infection for a long period of
time
,Ex: TB and autoimmune diseases
Stages of Infection (5) - ANSWER 1. Incubation Period (no identifiable
symptoms)
2. Prodromal Stage (initial appearance of symptoms- MOST CONTAGIOUS
3. Acute stage (full infectious experience)
4. Convalescent (body fighting back, start to feel relief)
5. Resolution (Total elimination of infection)
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - ANSWER Immunocompetence
refers to the individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of
a strong immune system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system
that places person at higher risk for infection.
Portals of Entry (4) - ANSWER 1. Skin
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract
4. Urogenital tracts
Atrophy - ANSWER "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the demand
and increase efficiency.
Immunodeficiency - ANSWER Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot
destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence - ANSWER refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
, Immunosuppression - ANSWER indicates that there is a defective immune system
that is putting the pt at risk for infection.
Symptoms of severe hypertension
Fatigue
Dizziness
Palpitations
Angina
Dyspnea
HTN diagnosis - ANSWER -HTN exists when SBP is >130 and DBP >80 at 2 or
more clinical visits
-testing includes ECG, urinalysis, CBC, blood glucose, serum potassium, serum
creatinine and serum calcium
*tests to rule out disorders that cause secondary HTN
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - ANSWER Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
Phases of Inflammation:
Vascular Permeability - ANSWER Inflammation stimulates blood vessel dilation
and opening of capillary pores. Capillary pores allows fluid and cells (WBCs and
platelets) to arrive at site of injury.
Phases of Inflammation:
Cellular Chemotaxis - ANSWER Chemical signal that calls out to WBC's to site of
injury. Results in leukocytosis, where WBCs are released from the bone marrow
and into the blood stream.
**Doctor is able to analyze the type of WBC and number of WBCs to determine
type and severity of infection.
Phases of Inflammation:
Systemic Responses - ANSWER Patient experiences symptoms such as:
-Fever
-lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
-pain
,-sleepiness
-lethargy
-anemia
-weight loss
** Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, and ILs are
responsible for many of these effects
Mediators of Inflammation (5) - ANSWER 1. Cytokines (Interleukins ILs & TNF-
alpha)
-either amplify or deactivate inflammatory response
-stimulate liver to release acute phase proteins
2. Chemokines
- proteins that attract WBCs to site of injury
3. Acute phase proteins
-Facilitates WBC phagocytosis
-Include: C reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and hecidin
4. Prostaglandins
5. Pyrogens
What is acute inflammation? - ANSWER Short term inflammatory response that
resolves once infection has been resolved.
What is chronic inflammation? - ANSWER Ongoing infection for a long period of
time
,Ex: TB and autoimmune diseases
Stages of Infection (5) - ANSWER 1. Incubation Period (no identifiable
symptoms)
2. Prodromal Stage (initial appearance of symptoms- MOST CONTAGIOUS
3. Acute stage (full infectious experience)
4. Convalescent (body fighting back, start to feel relief)
5. Resolution (Total elimination of infection)
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - ANSWER Immunocompetence
refers to the individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of
a strong immune system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system
that places person at higher risk for infection.
Portals of Entry (4) - ANSWER 1. Skin
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract
4. Urogenital tracts
Atrophy - ANSWER "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the demand
and increase efficiency.
Immunodeficiency - ANSWER Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot
destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence - ANSWER refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
, Immunosuppression - ANSWER indicates that there is a defective immune system
that is putting the pt at risk for infection.
Symptoms of severe hypertension
Fatigue
Dizziness
Palpitations
Angina
Dyspnea
HTN diagnosis - ANSWER -HTN exists when SBP is >130 and DBP >80 at 2 or
more clinical visits
-testing includes ECG, urinalysis, CBC, blood glucose, serum potassium, serum
creatinine and serum calcium
*tests to rule out disorders that cause secondary HTN
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - ANSWER Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
