AVIT-222 Final Exam Review v2
2026-2027
Expert-Verified Questions and
Answers
(With A+ Grades Guarantee)
,Clearance Void Time - May be given as part of clearance when departing non-towered airports
- You must depart BEFORE the clearance void time
- If unable, recontact ATC ASAP but no later than 20 mins after clearance void time
"Pop Up" Clearances - Requested when airborne
- Usually due to enroute or destination weather falling below VFR minimums
- Request via radio from ATC
- Remember to close your VFR flight plan
Clearance Format CRAFT • C clearance limit
• R route
• A altitude
• F departure frequency
• T transponder code
Hemispheric Rule (FAR 91.159) - 0/179: Odd altitude
- 180-359: Even altitude
Minimum IFR Altitudes - Except when landing or taking
-off
- 1000' over non-mountainous terrain
- 2000' over mountainous terrain
- Includes terrain AND obstacles 4 nm either side of flight path
IFR Minimum fuel - Fuel to destination + 45 mins
- If alternate required, fuel to destination + fuel to alternate + 45 mins
Alternate planning - If destination airport DOES NOT have a published instrument approach procedure
you MUST always declare an alternate
- If destination airport DOES approach procedure:
• 1-2-3 Rule have a published instrument
- One hour before and after ETA
- 2,000+ ceiling
- 3 sm + visibility
Alternate airport weather AT ETA TO THAT AIRPORT -If alternate has a precision approach: 600/2
- If alternate has ONLY a non-precision approach: 800/2
PIC must be IFR current by • 6 approaches, holding, tracking a navigation signal within previous 6 months OR:
• IPC within past 6 months, OR:
• Part 121, 135 or military check-ride within past 6 months
IFR Clearance required to: - Fly in CONTROLLED airspace (B,C,D, and E) when conditions are less than VFR
minimums for that airspace
- Fly in Class A airspace
Category of Aircraft - Airplane
- Rotorcraft
- Glider
- Powered-Lift
- Lighter-Than-Air
Class of Airplane - Single Engine Land
- Multi Engine Land
- Single Engine Sea
- Multi Engine Sea
Type of Aircraft Make and Model (Boeing 747)
Greater than 12,500 MTW, jet, or other make and model designated by FAA
Administrator.
,Instrument Currency - 6 Approaches
(within the last 6 months) - Holding
- Tracking/Navigation/Signal
14 CFR 91.169 states You must file an alternate airport! Unless.....
1. The airport has an instrument approach
2. Weather reports and forecasts indicate 1 hour before and after the ETA the
ceiling will be at least 2,000ft AGL and 3 SM the visibility will be at least
At your alternate at the ETA the weather must be at least: - If usable precision approach is available: • 600ft / 2 SM
- If only non-precision approach is available/usable: • 800ft / 2 SM
- No approaches available?
• Descent from the MEA, approach, and landing must be able to be conducted
under basic VFR
Minimum IFR Altitude - MEA or RNAV MEA when using an airway
- MOCA may be used if depicted and within 22 NM of the facility
- Off airway? Select altitude at/above OROCA
Magnetic course 0° to 179° Odd altitude (or flight level)
Magnetic course 180° to 359° Even altitude (or flight level)
All equipment for VFR flight day & night....plus - Generator/Alternator (adequate supply)
- Radio (two-way communications)
- Altimeter (barometrically-adjustable)
- Ball (slip/skid indicator)
- Clock (hours/minutes/seconds)
- Attitude Indicator
- Rate-of-turn indicator (turn coordinator)
- Directional gyro (heading indicator)
If flown at/above FL240 - If a VOR is required by 91.205 the aircraft must also be equipped with DME or a
RNAV system.
Required inspections: (AVIATE) - Altimeter (pitot-static) - 24 calendar months
- VOR - 30 days
- 100-hour - For hire
- Annual - 12 calendar months
- Transponder - 24 calendar months
- ELT - 12 calendar months (plus battery limitations)
Cruise Clearances Authorizes Descent at pilot's discretion and initiation of any approach at destination
May vary altitudes at pilot's discretion up to clearance altitude
Once pilot reports leaving an altitude, cannot return without further ATC clearance
"Sioux 24, cleared to the Devil's Lake Airport. Cruise 6000".
VFR On-Top Clearance Pilot requested VFR cruising altitude
Must comply with VFR cloud clearance criteria and minimum IFR altitudes
IFR to VFR IFR departure clearance with cancellation by pilot upon reaching VFR conditions
, "Pop-Up" IFR clearances Pilot requested
Transition to IFR in order to descend into IFR conditions
Direct routing Direct routes using self-contained airborne navigation systems (ex. GPS) exceeding
NAVAID service volumes
Enroute Charts does not show: - Topographic features
- Obstruction heights
- Roads
- Cities and Towns
Enroute Charts does show: - Major bodies of water
- Airports
- Navigational aids
- Some airspace
Two Types of Enroute Charts - Low Altitude (LO)
- High Altitude (HI)
Low Altitude (LO) Enroute Charts Airways below 18,000ft MSL (victor airways)
High Altitude (HI) Enroute Charts Airways 18,000ft MSL and above (jet routes)
VOR and VORTAC Aid - Compass rose (if part of the en route structure)
- Pointer indicates magnetic north • Used with IFR plotters
NDB (non-directional beacon) Aid - Pointer indicates magnetic north
- Smaller version of the symbol represents a compass locator
Localizer Navigation Aid - Localizer symbol shows ILS, MLS, LDA, and SDF
- Course displayed over the symbol
- Crosshatching on left side of symbol denotes LOC-BC.
NAVAID Facility Information • Name
• Frequency
• Identifier
• Morse Code translation
• Lat/Long Coordinates
• Flight Service Station
• Frequencies Remoted to NAVAID
• HIWAS, ASOS/AWOS
Victor Airways • Even numbered airways run primarily east/west
• Odd numbered airways run primarily north/south
• 8 nautical miles wide
- if the airway is further than 51 nautical miles from the nearest VOR, the width is
expanded to include airspace 4.5 degrees angle from center of NAVAID.
Intersections/Fixes Aids - Checkpoints along an airway
- Allow pilot and ATC to check progress of flight
- Five letter names
- Can be identified with 2 VORs, DME, or other NAVAIDs
2026-2027
Expert-Verified Questions and
Answers
(With A+ Grades Guarantee)
,Clearance Void Time - May be given as part of clearance when departing non-towered airports
- You must depart BEFORE the clearance void time
- If unable, recontact ATC ASAP but no later than 20 mins after clearance void time
"Pop Up" Clearances - Requested when airborne
- Usually due to enroute or destination weather falling below VFR minimums
- Request via radio from ATC
- Remember to close your VFR flight plan
Clearance Format CRAFT • C clearance limit
• R route
• A altitude
• F departure frequency
• T transponder code
Hemispheric Rule (FAR 91.159) - 0/179: Odd altitude
- 180-359: Even altitude
Minimum IFR Altitudes - Except when landing or taking
-off
- 1000' over non-mountainous terrain
- 2000' over mountainous terrain
- Includes terrain AND obstacles 4 nm either side of flight path
IFR Minimum fuel - Fuel to destination + 45 mins
- If alternate required, fuel to destination + fuel to alternate + 45 mins
Alternate planning - If destination airport DOES NOT have a published instrument approach procedure
you MUST always declare an alternate
- If destination airport DOES approach procedure:
• 1-2-3 Rule have a published instrument
- One hour before and after ETA
- 2,000+ ceiling
- 3 sm + visibility
Alternate airport weather AT ETA TO THAT AIRPORT -If alternate has a precision approach: 600/2
- If alternate has ONLY a non-precision approach: 800/2
PIC must be IFR current by • 6 approaches, holding, tracking a navigation signal within previous 6 months OR:
• IPC within past 6 months, OR:
• Part 121, 135 or military check-ride within past 6 months
IFR Clearance required to: - Fly in CONTROLLED airspace (B,C,D, and E) when conditions are less than VFR
minimums for that airspace
- Fly in Class A airspace
Category of Aircraft - Airplane
- Rotorcraft
- Glider
- Powered-Lift
- Lighter-Than-Air
Class of Airplane - Single Engine Land
- Multi Engine Land
- Single Engine Sea
- Multi Engine Sea
Type of Aircraft Make and Model (Boeing 747)
Greater than 12,500 MTW, jet, or other make and model designated by FAA
Administrator.
,Instrument Currency - 6 Approaches
(within the last 6 months) - Holding
- Tracking/Navigation/Signal
14 CFR 91.169 states You must file an alternate airport! Unless.....
1. The airport has an instrument approach
2. Weather reports and forecasts indicate 1 hour before and after the ETA the
ceiling will be at least 2,000ft AGL and 3 SM the visibility will be at least
At your alternate at the ETA the weather must be at least: - If usable precision approach is available: • 600ft / 2 SM
- If only non-precision approach is available/usable: • 800ft / 2 SM
- No approaches available?
• Descent from the MEA, approach, and landing must be able to be conducted
under basic VFR
Minimum IFR Altitude - MEA or RNAV MEA when using an airway
- MOCA may be used if depicted and within 22 NM of the facility
- Off airway? Select altitude at/above OROCA
Magnetic course 0° to 179° Odd altitude (or flight level)
Magnetic course 180° to 359° Even altitude (or flight level)
All equipment for VFR flight day & night....plus - Generator/Alternator (adequate supply)
- Radio (two-way communications)
- Altimeter (barometrically-adjustable)
- Ball (slip/skid indicator)
- Clock (hours/minutes/seconds)
- Attitude Indicator
- Rate-of-turn indicator (turn coordinator)
- Directional gyro (heading indicator)
If flown at/above FL240 - If a VOR is required by 91.205 the aircraft must also be equipped with DME or a
RNAV system.
Required inspections: (AVIATE) - Altimeter (pitot-static) - 24 calendar months
- VOR - 30 days
- 100-hour - For hire
- Annual - 12 calendar months
- Transponder - 24 calendar months
- ELT - 12 calendar months (plus battery limitations)
Cruise Clearances Authorizes Descent at pilot's discretion and initiation of any approach at destination
May vary altitudes at pilot's discretion up to clearance altitude
Once pilot reports leaving an altitude, cannot return without further ATC clearance
"Sioux 24, cleared to the Devil's Lake Airport. Cruise 6000".
VFR On-Top Clearance Pilot requested VFR cruising altitude
Must comply with VFR cloud clearance criteria and minimum IFR altitudes
IFR to VFR IFR departure clearance with cancellation by pilot upon reaching VFR conditions
, "Pop-Up" IFR clearances Pilot requested
Transition to IFR in order to descend into IFR conditions
Direct routing Direct routes using self-contained airborne navigation systems (ex. GPS) exceeding
NAVAID service volumes
Enroute Charts does not show: - Topographic features
- Obstruction heights
- Roads
- Cities and Towns
Enroute Charts does show: - Major bodies of water
- Airports
- Navigational aids
- Some airspace
Two Types of Enroute Charts - Low Altitude (LO)
- High Altitude (HI)
Low Altitude (LO) Enroute Charts Airways below 18,000ft MSL (victor airways)
High Altitude (HI) Enroute Charts Airways 18,000ft MSL and above (jet routes)
VOR and VORTAC Aid - Compass rose (if part of the en route structure)
- Pointer indicates magnetic north • Used with IFR plotters
NDB (non-directional beacon) Aid - Pointer indicates magnetic north
- Smaller version of the symbol represents a compass locator
Localizer Navigation Aid - Localizer symbol shows ILS, MLS, LDA, and SDF
- Course displayed over the symbol
- Crosshatching on left side of symbol denotes LOC-BC.
NAVAID Facility Information • Name
• Frequency
• Identifier
• Morse Code translation
• Lat/Long Coordinates
• Flight Service Station
• Frequencies Remoted to NAVAID
• HIWAS, ASOS/AWOS
Victor Airways • Even numbered airways run primarily east/west
• Odd numbered airways run primarily north/south
• 8 nautical miles wide
- if the airway is further than 51 nautical miles from the nearest VOR, the width is
expanded to include airspace 4.5 degrees angle from center of NAVAID.
Intersections/Fixes Aids - Checkpoints along an airway
- Allow pilot and ATC to check progress of flight
- Five letter names
- Can be identified with 2 VORs, DME, or other NAVAIDs
