PSYCH 2200 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
Aristotle - Answers - -brain doesnt control behavior
(chicken with head cut off, insects, human spinal cord)
biological psychology - Answers - influence of brain and environment on behavior
Darwin - Answers - -importance of of external context variation on species survival
(finches)
-traits passed through blood
-unit of inheritance=gemmule
Natural Selection - Answers - species that are uniquely adapted to environment have
higher survival rates, more offspring, and a higher percentage with the adaptation
Ernst Mayr - Answers - -ultimate causes: long term evolutionary causes of behavior
-proximal causes: short term causes of behavior
Nikolaas Tinbergen - Answers - -Proximal questions=how (mechanisms and
development)
-Ultimate questions= why (function and evolution)
Generalist v specialist animals - Answers - Generalists can adapt better to new
environment
Enriched environment - Answers - -more stimulating environment
-mice had more social interactions and physical activity
-Thicker areas of brain and more connections b/w nervous system cells
-Evidence brain structure can change
-Facilitate recovery after brain trauma
-Evidence that environmental context has impact on brain and behavior
Natural enrichment - Answers - -secrete hormones
-bold behavior
-more cells in areas dealing with emotion and memory
How much has human brain decreased over time? - Answers - 10%
Effects of environmental context - Answers - Changes in daily behavior lead to changes
in brain processing
-internal vs external
-brain is still evolving and changing because of the environment
-humans and ancestors have similar behaviors like domestic and wild rats
,Experiential context: past - Answers - -more maternal support=larger hippocampus
-hobbies increase gray matter
Experiential context: future - Answers - -bears gain weight over summer for hibernation
-patients with more info feel less pain
Franz Gall - Answers - -localization of brain function
-brain structures associated with different functions/mental faculties
-bulge=high functioning
-little empirical evidence
-phrenology
Johann Spurzheim - Answers - work with Gall to popularize phrenology--> map mental
characteristics to bumps
Marie Jean Pierre Flourens - Answers - -disproves gall
-remove cat romance bump but still have kittens
-brain circuits=neural networks and brain areas linked to certain functions (?)
Broca study of brain damage - Answers - evidence for language localization
Gregor Mendel - Answers - -studied heredity (pea plants)
genotype - Answers - alleles responsible for phenotype
Allele - Answers - -gene variation, receive one from each parent
-dominant expressed
-homozygous and heterozygous
Mutation - Answers - random and permanent alteration in gene's DNA
Genetics - Answers - study of heritable transmission and variability of inherited
phenotypes
Walther Flemming - Answers - -studies cellular mechanisms of heredity
-Fibrous network in nucleus w/ genetic code and chromosomes
-Discover sex chromosomes linked to certain traits
Ex: fragile x syndrome
James Watson - Answers - - interest in DNA that makes up chromosomes
-Watson and Crick build DNA model
-Win nobel peace prize along with Wilkins
Maurice Wilkins - Answers - took X ray photos
Rosalind Franklin - Answers - -found double helix w/ x-ray
, -Discovers nucleotide bases
-DNA helps govern protein production
Human Genome Project - Answers - -An international collaborative effort to map and
sequence the DNA of the entire human genome
-3 billion base pairs
-Discover 20,000-30,000 genes
-Basic building blocks of living species are similar
How many more genes do we have than flies - Answers - 2x
What percentage of DNA is made of genes - Answers - 1.5%
What percentage of genome varies among humans - Answers - 0.1-0.5%
Personal Genome Project - Answers - genetic sequencing and lifestyle data to
investigate how genes interact w/ environment to form human traits
Epigenetics - Answers - variations in experiences and environment alter expression of
proteins dictated by genetic template
Case studies - Answers - -human research method
-investigations of people with injury/disease + impact on mental functions
-Springboard for conditions not in lab
Experimental studies - Answers - -human research method
-isolate effect of independent variable
-experimental and control groups
What variable should be avoided in experimental studies? - Answers - Confounding
variables--> other than IV that affect DV
Electroencephalography (EEG) - Answers - -human research method
-detect electrical activity of brain cells w/ electrodes
-Spontaneous activity or specific task/stimulus
Event related potentials (ERP) - Answers - -small voltages as a result of stimulus
-Tracking helps to learn about brain function localizations
Single unit recording - Answers - record activity of single neurons w/ microelectrodes
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - Answers - -detect magnetic fields generated by
neural networks
-accurate image of real time brain functioning
Computed tomography (CT): - Answers - xray/computer to get horizontal pics of brain
Aristotle - Answers - -brain doesnt control behavior
(chicken with head cut off, insects, human spinal cord)
biological psychology - Answers - influence of brain and environment on behavior
Darwin - Answers - -importance of of external context variation on species survival
(finches)
-traits passed through blood
-unit of inheritance=gemmule
Natural Selection - Answers - species that are uniquely adapted to environment have
higher survival rates, more offspring, and a higher percentage with the adaptation
Ernst Mayr - Answers - -ultimate causes: long term evolutionary causes of behavior
-proximal causes: short term causes of behavior
Nikolaas Tinbergen - Answers - -Proximal questions=how (mechanisms and
development)
-Ultimate questions= why (function and evolution)
Generalist v specialist animals - Answers - Generalists can adapt better to new
environment
Enriched environment - Answers - -more stimulating environment
-mice had more social interactions and physical activity
-Thicker areas of brain and more connections b/w nervous system cells
-Evidence brain structure can change
-Facilitate recovery after brain trauma
-Evidence that environmental context has impact on brain and behavior
Natural enrichment - Answers - -secrete hormones
-bold behavior
-more cells in areas dealing with emotion and memory
How much has human brain decreased over time? - Answers - 10%
Effects of environmental context - Answers - Changes in daily behavior lead to changes
in brain processing
-internal vs external
-brain is still evolving and changing because of the environment
-humans and ancestors have similar behaviors like domestic and wild rats
,Experiential context: past - Answers - -more maternal support=larger hippocampus
-hobbies increase gray matter
Experiential context: future - Answers - -bears gain weight over summer for hibernation
-patients with more info feel less pain
Franz Gall - Answers - -localization of brain function
-brain structures associated with different functions/mental faculties
-bulge=high functioning
-little empirical evidence
-phrenology
Johann Spurzheim - Answers - work with Gall to popularize phrenology--> map mental
characteristics to bumps
Marie Jean Pierre Flourens - Answers - -disproves gall
-remove cat romance bump but still have kittens
-brain circuits=neural networks and brain areas linked to certain functions (?)
Broca study of brain damage - Answers - evidence for language localization
Gregor Mendel - Answers - -studied heredity (pea plants)
genotype - Answers - alleles responsible for phenotype
Allele - Answers - -gene variation, receive one from each parent
-dominant expressed
-homozygous and heterozygous
Mutation - Answers - random and permanent alteration in gene's DNA
Genetics - Answers - study of heritable transmission and variability of inherited
phenotypes
Walther Flemming - Answers - -studies cellular mechanisms of heredity
-Fibrous network in nucleus w/ genetic code and chromosomes
-Discover sex chromosomes linked to certain traits
Ex: fragile x syndrome
James Watson - Answers - - interest in DNA that makes up chromosomes
-Watson and Crick build DNA model
-Win nobel peace prize along with Wilkins
Maurice Wilkins - Answers - took X ray photos
Rosalind Franklin - Answers - -found double helix w/ x-ray
, -Discovers nucleotide bases
-DNA helps govern protein production
Human Genome Project - Answers - -An international collaborative effort to map and
sequence the DNA of the entire human genome
-3 billion base pairs
-Discover 20,000-30,000 genes
-Basic building blocks of living species are similar
How many more genes do we have than flies - Answers - 2x
What percentage of DNA is made of genes - Answers - 1.5%
What percentage of genome varies among humans - Answers - 0.1-0.5%
Personal Genome Project - Answers - genetic sequencing and lifestyle data to
investigate how genes interact w/ environment to form human traits
Epigenetics - Answers - variations in experiences and environment alter expression of
proteins dictated by genetic template
Case studies - Answers - -human research method
-investigations of people with injury/disease + impact on mental functions
-Springboard for conditions not in lab
Experimental studies - Answers - -human research method
-isolate effect of independent variable
-experimental and control groups
What variable should be avoided in experimental studies? - Answers - Confounding
variables--> other than IV that affect DV
Electroencephalography (EEG) - Answers - -human research method
-detect electrical activity of brain cells w/ electrodes
-Spontaneous activity or specific task/stimulus
Event related potentials (ERP) - Answers - -small voltages as a result of stimulus
-Tracking helps to learn about brain function localizations
Single unit recording - Answers - record activity of single neurons w/ microelectrodes
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - Answers - -detect magnetic fields generated by
neural networks
-accurate image of real time brain functioning
Computed tomography (CT): - Answers - xray/computer to get horizontal pics of brain
