PSYCH 2200 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Fritsch and Hitzig - Answers - Brain and electricity had a relationship
Wanted to simulate the brain
When they stimulated the middle, got movement on the contralateral side, opposite side
of where they stimulated.
What did Fritsch and Hitzig discover? - Answers - motor cortex and that the brain was
electriziable
The movement was replicable
Robert Bartholomew - Answers - Had a patient named Mary, she had a degenerative
disease that exposed her brain at the top of her skull
He stimulated her brain, it worked she couldn't overrule the stimulation
There was continuity in the brain
Can we study animal brains? - Answers - Yes, because there is continuity
John Flynn (1950s) - Answers - took a tiny wire, insulated it so it was open at the tip,
called an electrode: Used cats and stuck the wire in their hypothalamus, these
behaviors that Flynn saw were attacking and quite biting behaviors,
Hypothalamus - Answers - Dead center of the brain, when Flynn pressed the button,
depending on where in the hypothalamus, it would control different behaviors
Pennfield - Answers - Wanted to find the Aura that would alert people of their seizure
and take it out. Found that brain controls motor function.
Epilepsy/Seizures - Answers - People with epilepsy have premonition that tells them
they will have seizures. Thought that it is caused by a place in the brain that is damaged
What happened when Pennfield stimulated the brain - Answers - Found auditory
memories, found there were call backs to memories and the emotions with them
Net electrode - Answers - Can record and monitor and pinpoint the aura
Gazzaniga - Answers - split-brain research; understanding of functional lateralization in
the brain; how the cerebral hemispheres communicate. Wanted to cut the corpus
callosum to help the seizures
corpus callosum - Answers - the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain
hemispheres and carrying messages between them
facial recognition - Answers - right hemisphere
, language - Answers - Left Hemisphere
What happened after the experiment when the people would pick up the ball with the
right and left hand? - Answers - When the patient used the right hand they said ball
When they used left, the right side of brain could not send the signal to the left side of
brain so they could not say ball
Insular Cortex - Answers - Provides input on interception or how body feels, also
activates facial expressions via the thalamus & brainstem
Cajal - Answers - Realized the nervous system was not continuous, as suggested by
Golgi, each cell or neuron was distinct unit that was physically separate from the others
glial cells - Answers - nervous system cells that hold neurons together and help them
communicate with each other
Astrocytes - Answers - most abundant glial cells in the CNS, shaped like stairs. Help
eliminate the potentially dangerous remnants of dead cells. Brains primary security
system
microglial cells - Answers - First responder cells: Acts as a cellular clean up crew as
they search for dead and cellular debris
What do all the cells in the brain have? - Answers - Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cytoskelton,
Ribosomes
What do Stans allow us to do? - Answers - Visualize the Nervous System
Nissle stain - Answers - Stains the cell body, every cell is a blue dot, when looking at
the stain you can tell there are two different types of cells
Two different types of cells - Answers - Neurons and Glia
Astrocytes, Why the name? - Answers - Looks like a star, Cyte: Not a neuron but a
different part
astrocytes job - Answers - Supporting Cell, maintains the environment around the cell
Line all the spaces from brain to outside worl
Oligodendrocytes - Answers - produce myelin in CNS
Myelin - Answers - a mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating
sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are
conducted.
Fritsch and Hitzig - Answers - Brain and electricity had a relationship
Wanted to simulate the brain
When they stimulated the middle, got movement on the contralateral side, opposite side
of where they stimulated.
What did Fritsch and Hitzig discover? - Answers - motor cortex and that the brain was
electriziable
The movement was replicable
Robert Bartholomew - Answers - Had a patient named Mary, she had a degenerative
disease that exposed her brain at the top of her skull
He stimulated her brain, it worked she couldn't overrule the stimulation
There was continuity in the brain
Can we study animal brains? - Answers - Yes, because there is continuity
John Flynn (1950s) - Answers - took a tiny wire, insulated it so it was open at the tip,
called an electrode: Used cats and stuck the wire in their hypothalamus, these
behaviors that Flynn saw were attacking and quite biting behaviors,
Hypothalamus - Answers - Dead center of the brain, when Flynn pressed the button,
depending on where in the hypothalamus, it would control different behaviors
Pennfield - Answers - Wanted to find the Aura that would alert people of their seizure
and take it out. Found that brain controls motor function.
Epilepsy/Seizures - Answers - People with epilepsy have premonition that tells them
they will have seizures. Thought that it is caused by a place in the brain that is damaged
What happened when Pennfield stimulated the brain - Answers - Found auditory
memories, found there were call backs to memories and the emotions with them
Net electrode - Answers - Can record and monitor and pinpoint the aura
Gazzaniga - Answers - split-brain research; understanding of functional lateralization in
the brain; how the cerebral hemispheres communicate. Wanted to cut the corpus
callosum to help the seizures
corpus callosum - Answers - the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain
hemispheres and carrying messages between them
facial recognition - Answers - right hemisphere
, language - Answers - Left Hemisphere
What happened after the experiment when the people would pick up the ball with the
right and left hand? - Answers - When the patient used the right hand they said ball
When they used left, the right side of brain could not send the signal to the left side of
brain so they could not say ball
Insular Cortex - Answers - Provides input on interception or how body feels, also
activates facial expressions via the thalamus & brainstem
Cajal - Answers - Realized the nervous system was not continuous, as suggested by
Golgi, each cell or neuron was distinct unit that was physically separate from the others
glial cells - Answers - nervous system cells that hold neurons together and help them
communicate with each other
Astrocytes - Answers - most abundant glial cells in the CNS, shaped like stairs. Help
eliminate the potentially dangerous remnants of dead cells. Brains primary security
system
microglial cells - Answers - First responder cells: Acts as a cellular clean up crew as
they search for dead and cellular debris
What do all the cells in the brain have? - Answers - Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cytoskelton,
Ribosomes
What do Stans allow us to do? - Answers - Visualize the Nervous System
Nissle stain - Answers - Stains the cell body, every cell is a blue dot, when looking at
the stain you can tell there are two different types of cells
Two different types of cells - Answers - Neurons and Glia
Astrocytes, Why the name? - Answers - Looks like a star, Cyte: Not a neuron but a
different part
astrocytes job - Answers - Supporting Cell, maintains the environment around the cell
Line all the spaces from brain to outside worl
Oligodendrocytes - Answers - produce myelin in CNS
Myelin - Answers - a mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating
sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are
conducted.
