HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
UPDATED PAPER 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS
AND FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Learning theory.
Answer: behavior is controlled by stimuli in the environment
◉ Pavlov Classical Conditioning.
Answer: Learning takes place when reflexive behavior comes under
the control of a novel stimulus in the environment
◉ Reflex.
Answer: unlearned behavior present at birth, unconscious
◉ Components of Reflex.
Answer: Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - automatically elicits
response without training or conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR) - untrained motor response
◉ Inborn reflex.
Answer: result of UCS-UCR connection
,◉ Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
Answer: Consistently paired with the UCS
◉ Conditioned Response (CR).
Answer: after several pairings of UCS with CS, CR happens
◉ Generalization.
Answer: Observed when a conditioned response solicited by stimuli
similar to the original CS
◉ Discrimination.
Answer: Opposite of generalization. Process of conditioning a
response to occur only after specific stimulus is presented
◉ Extinction.
Answer: Unlearning of a CR
◉ John Watson.
Answer: Extended work of Pavlov by studying classical conditioning
of emotional responses and children
◉ Emotional responses at birth.
,Answer: Love, anger, and fear
◉ Watson argued.
Answer: Through experience we learned to associate new
environmental stimuli with the reflexive emotional responses of
love, anger, and fear
◉ Little Albert.
Answer: Watson and Raynor (assistant), fear response in little boy
using rat and fear-producing UCS, a loud noise
◉ Mary Cover Jones.
Answer: Watson student, extinguished phobia in child using classical
conditioning
◉ Skinner.
Answer: Operant conditioning
◉ Operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning).
Answer: Behavior is shaped by rewarding or punishing
consequences that follow
◉ Reinforcement.
, Answer: Process of rewarding a behavior
◉ Shaping of behavior.
Answer: Skinner argued that two processes of reinforcement and
punishment control the shaping of behavior
◉ Positive reinforcement.
Answer: Reward or rewarding condition that is experienced after a
behavioral response increasing the probability that the response
will be repeated under the same stimulus conditions in the future
◉ Negative reinforcement.
Answer: Unpleasant condition is removed when the behavioral
responses is emitted
◉ Bandura.
Answer: Social-cognitive theory of learning (social learning theory)
◉ Social-cognitive theory.
Answer: Changes in behavior are acquired not only through the
process of conditioning, but also through observational learning
◉ Modeling.
UPDATED PAPER 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS
AND FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Learning theory.
Answer: behavior is controlled by stimuli in the environment
◉ Pavlov Classical Conditioning.
Answer: Learning takes place when reflexive behavior comes under
the control of a novel stimulus in the environment
◉ Reflex.
Answer: unlearned behavior present at birth, unconscious
◉ Components of Reflex.
Answer: Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - automatically elicits
response without training or conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR) - untrained motor response
◉ Inborn reflex.
Answer: result of UCS-UCR connection
,◉ Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
Answer: Consistently paired with the UCS
◉ Conditioned Response (CR).
Answer: after several pairings of UCS with CS, CR happens
◉ Generalization.
Answer: Observed when a conditioned response solicited by stimuli
similar to the original CS
◉ Discrimination.
Answer: Opposite of generalization. Process of conditioning a
response to occur only after specific stimulus is presented
◉ Extinction.
Answer: Unlearning of a CR
◉ John Watson.
Answer: Extended work of Pavlov by studying classical conditioning
of emotional responses and children
◉ Emotional responses at birth.
,Answer: Love, anger, and fear
◉ Watson argued.
Answer: Through experience we learned to associate new
environmental stimuli with the reflexive emotional responses of
love, anger, and fear
◉ Little Albert.
Answer: Watson and Raynor (assistant), fear response in little boy
using rat and fear-producing UCS, a loud noise
◉ Mary Cover Jones.
Answer: Watson student, extinguished phobia in child using classical
conditioning
◉ Skinner.
Answer: Operant conditioning
◉ Operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning).
Answer: Behavior is shaped by rewarding or punishing
consequences that follow
◉ Reinforcement.
, Answer: Process of rewarding a behavior
◉ Shaping of behavior.
Answer: Skinner argued that two processes of reinforcement and
punishment control the shaping of behavior
◉ Positive reinforcement.
Answer: Reward or rewarding condition that is experienced after a
behavioral response increasing the probability that the response
will be repeated under the same stimulus conditions in the future
◉ Negative reinforcement.
Answer: Unpleasant condition is removed when the behavioral
responses is emitted
◉ Bandura.
Answer: Social-cognitive theory of learning (social learning theory)
◉ Social-cognitive theory.
Answer: Changes in behavior are acquired not only through the
process of conditioning, but also through observational learning
◉ Modeling.
