HUBS 191 FINAL PRACTICE TEST 2026 FULL
SOLUTIONS REVIEW PACK
◉ Positive feedback
Answer: Positive feedback is a response to a stimulus that moves the
controlled variable even further away from the 'set point' i.e. it
reinforces the initial change. Not common physiologically and often
detrimental. Can be 'destabilizing' and result in so called 'vicious
cycles'
◉ Blood loss positive feedback
Answer: Blood loss of less than 1.5L can often be restored by
negative feedback control. But after 2L of blood is lost, a viscous
positive feedback loop occurs moving blood volume further and
further from the set point value.
◉ Positive Feedback may be useful in physiological situations when
there is a specific end-point or purpose for example childbirth
Answer: For example stretch increase is detected by stretch
receptors in the uterus when the baby moves into the birth canal.
This feeds information via nerve fibres to the integrator (the
hypothalamus) which causes oxytocin to be released by the
posterior pituitary gland. The hormone (oxytocin) stimulates muscle
causing stronger more frequent labour contractions.
,◉ Human Tissue Act 2008
Answer: Allows people to donate their bodies to science. There are 4
main points:
- Voluntary donation of bodies
- Deceased persons wishes can be overridden by their spouse or
relatives
- No reference to how long we can keep body parts
- Must avoid unnecessary mutilation of the body show respect to the
body and treat material as having a special importance.
◉ Anatomical position
Answer: Central concept behind all descriptions of location within
the body. Link all movements back to anatomical position eg the
hands are always inferior to our head, even if we put our hands
above our head.
- Standing upright and facing forwards.
- Feet together and parallel, toes facing towards.
- Palms facing forward (supinated)
◉ Body planes
Answer: Sagittal plane - left and right.
,Median plane - front and back.
Transverse plane - top and bottom.
◉ Terms of movement
Answer: Flexion - increase angle between body parts.
Extension - decreases angle between two body parts.
Abduction - away from midline
Adduction - towards midline.
Rotation - movement of limbs along axis.
Pronation - palms down.
Supnation - palms up.
Dorsiflexion - toes up
Plantar-flexion - toes down
Inversion - sole in
Eversion - sole out
◉ Terms of location
Answer: Medial - towards midline
, Lateral - away from midline
Anterior - front
Ventral - front
Posterior - back
Dorsal - back
Superior - higher
Inferior - lower
Proximal - towards trunk
Distal - away from trunk
◉ Functions of the skeleton
Answer: Support
Movement
Protection
Storage
Blood cell formation
Communication
◉ Divisions of the skeleton
SOLUTIONS REVIEW PACK
◉ Positive feedback
Answer: Positive feedback is a response to a stimulus that moves the
controlled variable even further away from the 'set point' i.e. it
reinforces the initial change. Not common physiologically and often
detrimental. Can be 'destabilizing' and result in so called 'vicious
cycles'
◉ Blood loss positive feedback
Answer: Blood loss of less than 1.5L can often be restored by
negative feedback control. But after 2L of blood is lost, a viscous
positive feedback loop occurs moving blood volume further and
further from the set point value.
◉ Positive Feedback may be useful in physiological situations when
there is a specific end-point or purpose for example childbirth
Answer: For example stretch increase is detected by stretch
receptors in the uterus when the baby moves into the birth canal.
This feeds information via nerve fibres to the integrator (the
hypothalamus) which causes oxytocin to be released by the
posterior pituitary gland. The hormone (oxytocin) stimulates muscle
causing stronger more frequent labour contractions.
,◉ Human Tissue Act 2008
Answer: Allows people to donate their bodies to science. There are 4
main points:
- Voluntary donation of bodies
- Deceased persons wishes can be overridden by their spouse or
relatives
- No reference to how long we can keep body parts
- Must avoid unnecessary mutilation of the body show respect to the
body and treat material as having a special importance.
◉ Anatomical position
Answer: Central concept behind all descriptions of location within
the body. Link all movements back to anatomical position eg the
hands are always inferior to our head, even if we put our hands
above our head.
- Standing upright and facing forwards.
- Feet together and parallel, toes facing towards.
- Palms facing forward (supinated)
◉ Body planes
Answer: Sagittal plane - left and right.
,Median plane - front and back.
Transverse plane - top and bottom.
◉ Terms of movement
Answer: Flexion - increase angle between body parts.
Extension - decreases angle between two body parts.
Abduction - away from midline
Adduction - towards midline.
Rotation - movement of limbs along axis.
Pronation - palms down.
Supnation - palms up.
Dorsiflexion - toes up
Plantar-flexion - toes down
Inversion - sole in
Eversion - sole out
◉ Terms of location
Answer: Medial - towards midline
, Lateral - away from midline
Anterior - front
Ventral - front
Posterior - back
Dorsal - back
Superior - higher
Inferior - lower
Proximal - towards trunk
Distal - away from trunk
◉ Functions of the skeleton
Answer: Support
Movement
Protection
Storage
Blood cell formation
Communication
◉ Divisions of the skeleton
