HUBS 191 FINAL ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Why do the four types of tissues have different structures and
function?
Answer: They are made up of different kinds of cells. They have
different things that make up the extracellular matrix. They have
varying amounts of extracellular matrix.
◉ Types of connective tissue
Answer: Connective tissue proper
- Loose connective tissue which keeps organs and epithelia in place.
- Dense connective tissue forms ligaments and tendons.
- Adipose tissue (fat) and reticular connective tissue (support lymph
organs like the lymph nodes)
Specialised connective tissue
- Blood, bone and cartilage
◉ Main role of connective tissue
Answer: - Transport substances
- Provide support and structure
,◉ Features of epithelial tissue
Answer: - Tightly packed cells
- Little extracellular matrix
- Forms skin and lines internal cavities
- Many glands are made of epithelial tissue
◉ Features of muscle tissue
Answer: - Cells are stretched or fibre-like
- Main role is contraction
- Allows body and its organs to move
- Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle.
◉ Nervous Tissue
Answer: - Made up of neurons (conduct messages) and glia (support
and protect nervous system)
- Main role is to transmit electrical signals allowing for
communication and coordination.
◉ Cells only survive if the following conditions are meet
Answer: - Enough nutrients
- Correct temprature
,- Correct pH
- Can only tolerate smal amounts of toxic substance and waste.
This is why maintaining a constant internal environment
(homeostasis) is so important, along with exchange of nutrients and
wast across the cell membrane.
◉ Total body fluid numbers to memorise
Answer: 2/3 of total body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF)
1/3 of total body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)
4/5 or 80% of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid (between cells).
1/5 or 20% of extracellular fluid is plasma (50% of total blood
volume).
◉ What are transcellular fluids?
Answer: ECF also includes various 'transcellular fluids' contained
within epithelial lined spaces e.g. synovial fluid in joints, ocular fluid
in the eye, cerebrospinal fluid
◉ What does a unicellular organism depend on its immediate
environment to provide?
, Answer: Nutrients
Solute concentration
Temperature
pH
Toxins (including own wastes)
Lack of Predators
This limits the environment a unicellular organism is able to survive.
◉ What is 'milieu interieur'
Answer: Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878) recognised the importance
of the body's internal environment or extracellular fluid. The
constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free and
independent life.
◉ How did Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945) define
homeostasis?
Answer: The maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the
internal environment (ECF) in the face of external (or internal)
change.
1. In our bodies there are mechanisms that act to maintain
constancy.
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Why do the four types of tissues have different structures and
function?
Answer: They are made up of different kinds of cells. They have
different things that make up the extracellular matrix. They have
varying amounts of extracellular matrix.
◉ Types of connective tissue
Answer: Connective tissue proper
- Loose connective tissue which keeps organs and epithelia in place.
- Dense connective tissue forms ligaments and tendons.
- Adipose tissue (fat) and reticular connective tissue (support lymph
organs like the lymph nodes)
Specialised connective tissue
- Blood, bone and cartilage
◉ Main role of connective tissue
Answer: - Transport substances
- Provide support and structure
,◉ Features of epithelial tissue
Answer: - Tightly packed cells
- Little extracellular matrix
- Forms skin and lines internal cavities
- Many glands are made of epithelial tissue
◉ Features of muscle tissue
Answer: - Cells are stretched or fibre-like
- Main role is contraction
- Allows body and its organs to move
- Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle.
◉ Nervous Tissue
Answer: - Made up of neurons (conduct messages) and glia (support
and protect nervous system)
- Main role is to transmit electrical signals allowing for
communication and coordination.
◉ Cells only survive if the following conditions are meet
Answer: - Enough nutrients
- Correct temprature
,- Correct pH
- Can only tolerate smal amounts of toxic substance and waste.
This is why maintaining a constant internal environment
(homeostasis) is so important, along with exchange of nutrients and
wast across the cell membrane.
◉ Total body fluid numbers to memorise
Answer: 2/3 of total body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF)
1/3 of total body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)
4/5 or 80% of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid (between cells).
1/5 or 20% of extracellular fluid is plasma (50% of total blood
volume).
◉ What are transcellular fluids?
Answer: ECF also includes various 'transcellular fluids' contained
within epithelial lined spaces e.g. synovial fluid in joints, ocular fluid
in the eye, cerebrospinal fluid
◉ What does a unicellular organism depend on its immediate
environment to provide?
, Answer: Nutrients
Solute concentration
Temperature
pH
Toxins (including own wastes)
Lack of Predators
This limits the environment a unicellular organism is able to survive.
◉ What is 'milieu interieur'
Answer: Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878) recognised the importance
of the body's internal environment or extracellular fluid. The
constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free and
independent life.
◉ How did Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945) define
homeostasis?
Answer: The maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the
internal environment (ECF) in the face of external (or internal)
change.
1. In our bodies there are mechanisms that act to maintain
constancy.
