PSYC 2700 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
Psychoanalytic Theories - Answers - -development determined by how well people
solve conflicts
-stage theories
-but early development also have a major impact on development throughout life
Freud's Theory: General - Answers - -interested in origins and treatment of mental
illness
-patients' symptoms sometimes don't have underlying physical cause
-unconscious, rooted in childhood experiences with parents
-behavior motivated by need to satisfy drives
-three structures of personality: id, ego, superego
-Healthy development involves a strong ego that
facilitates coping with reality, and superego that
is neither too weak nor too strong
Freud's Theory: Early Infancy - Answers - -have instinctual drives like hunger, thirst
-primitive personality: id
-called the pleasure principle-just trying to fulfill natural wants
-mother established as strongest object of love, prototype for future love relations
-source of security, but also loss
Freud's Theory: End of First Year - Answers - -drive to resolve conflicts between id and
demands of the external world
-personality structure: ego
-called the reality principle-has reason, good sense, develops into a person's sense of
self
Freud's Theory: 3-6 years - Answers - -drive to identify with same-sex parent
-Drive to work against the demands of the id;
internalize parents' rules and standards for
acceptable behavior
-personality structure: superego
-conscience emerges, child follows internalized rules, avoid actions leading to guilt
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Answers - -built upon Freud-but ego is most important,
development of identity is the central issue
-incorporated social factors
-had 8 stages of life from infancy to old age
-has a fixed order, each stage has a crisis to be solved
Erikson: Stage 1 - Answers - -0-1 year: basic trust vs. mistrust
-Crucial issue: learning to trust others
-Caregiving: consistent, warm
, -If trust in others does not develop now, person will have difficulty forming intimate
relationships later on
Erikson: Stage 2 - Answers - -1-3 years
-Crucial issue: strong sense of autonomy
-children want autonomy but also doubt their abilities and sometimes feel shame
-Caregiving: supportive, self-control w/o loss of self-esteem, no severe punishment
Erikson: Stage 3 - Answers - -4-6 years
-Crucial issue: initiative to meet high goals, with regard for others
-identify with parents, internalize standards (conscience)
-set high standards for themselves, which can lead to conflict with others (guilt)
-Caregiving: Not overly controlling or punitive
Erikson: Stage 4 - Answers - -6 years to puberty
-Crucial Issue: Learn to work industriously and cooperate with peers
-master cognitive and social skills
-Experiences: Successful experiences give sense of competence; failure can give rise
to excessive feelings of inadequacy
Erikson: Stage 5 - Answers - -Adolescence to early adulthood
-Crucial Issue: achieving core sense of identity
-Child --> adult
-face questions about future
-must resolve crucial questions about identity and role as an adult
Evaluation of Freud and Erikson - Answers - -too vague to be tested
-many specific elements are questionable and not supported by research
Behaviorism and Conditioning - Answers - - John B. Watson (Little Albert)
-conditioning is a primary mechanism of development
-reinforcement and punishment determine likelihood of the behavior recurring
Social Learning - Answers - -Albert Bandura
-Emphasis on observation and imitation
-Learning is social-children learn by watching others (bobo doll study)
-child is active in his/her own development --> reciprocal determinism
Evaluation of Watson and Bandura - Answers - -based on experiments, made testable
predictions, have led to clinical and practical applications
-BUT traditionally do not consider role of cognition or individual's own contributions to
her development, do not consider biological influences on development
Social Cognitive Theories - Answers - -child actively processes social information
-child's thinking and reasoning about the social world is limited by complexity of thought
processes
Psychoanalytic Theories - Answers - -development determined by how well people
solve conflicts
-stage theories
-but early development also have a major impact on development throughout life
Freud's Theory: General - Answers - -interested in origins and treatment of mental
illness
-patients' symptoms sometimes don't have underlying physical cause
-unconscious, rooted in childhood experiences with parents
-behavior motivated by need to satisfy drives
-three structures of personality: id, ego, superego
-Healthy development involves a strong ego that
facilitates coping with reality, and superego that
is neither too weak nor too strong
Freud's Theory: Early Infancy - Answers - -have instinctual drives like hunger, thirst
-primitive personality: id
-called the pleasure principle-just trying to fulfill natural wants
-mother established as strongest object of love, prototype for future love relations
-source of security, but also loss
Freud's Theory: End of First Year - Answers - -drive to resolve conflicts between id and
demands of the external world
-personality structure: ego
-called the reality principle-has reason, good sense, develops into a person's sense of
self
Freud's Theory: 3-6 years - Answers - -drive to identify with same-sex parent
-Drive to work against the demands of the id;
internalize parents' rules and standards for
acceptable behavior
-personality structure: superego
-conscience emerges, child follows internalized rules, avoid actions leading to guilt
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Answers - -built upon Freud-but ego is most important,
development of identity is the central issue
-incorporated social factors
-had 8 stages of life from infancy to old age
-has a fixed order, each stage has a crisis to be solved
Erikson: Stage 1 - Answers - -0-1 year: basic trust vs. mistrust
-Crucial issue: learning to trust others
-Caregiving: consistent, warm
, -If trust in others does not develop now, person will have difficulty forming intimate
relationships later on
Erikson: Stage 2 - Answers - -1-3 years
-Crucial issue: strong sense of autonomy
-children want autonomy but also doubt their abilities and sometimes feel shame
-Caregiving: supportive, self-control w/o loss of self-esteem, no severe punishment
Erikson: Stage 3 - Answers - -4-6 years
-Crucial issue: initiative to meet high goals, with regard for others
-identify with parents, internalize standards (conscience)
-set high standards for themselves, which can lead to conflict with others (guilt)
-Caregiving: Not overly controlling or punitive
Erikson: Stage 4 - Answers - -6 years to puberty
-Crucial Issue: Learn to work industriously and cooperate with peers
-master cognitive and social skills
-Experiences: Successful experiences give sense of competence; failure can give rise
to excessive feelings of inadequacy
Erikson: Stage 5 - Answers - -Adolescence to early adulthood
-Crucial Issue: achieving core sense of identity
-Child --> adult
-face questions about future
-must resolve crucial questions about identity and role as an adult
Evaluation of Freud and Erikson - Answers - -too vague to be tested
-many specific elements are questionable and not supported by research
Behaviorism and Conditioning - Answers - - John B. Watson (Little Albert)
-conditioning is a primary mechanism of development
-reinforcement and punishment determine likelihood of the behavior recurring
Social Learning - Answers - -Albert Bandura
-Emphasis on observation and imitation
-Learning is social-children learn by watching others (bobo doll study)
-child is active in his/her own development --> reciprocal determinism
Evaluation of Watson and Bandura - Answers - -based on experiments, made testable
predictions, have led to clinical and practical applications
-BUT traditionally do not consider role of cognition or individual's own contributions to
her development, do not consider biological influences on development
Social Cognitive Theories - Answers - -child actively processes social information
-child's thinking and reasoning about the social world is limited by complexity of thought
processes
