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Midterm Exam Week 4 PBHE215 / PBHE 215: questions and answers | 100% updated 2026/2027.

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American Military University PBHE 215: Week 4 Midterm exam questions and answers latest 2026/2027.

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Question 1 points
Define ethics and explain the difference between ethics and laws. (1
paragraph--including in-text citations and references in proper APA format)
Ethics is the collection of moral principles that guide human behavior and
determine what is right, fair, and responsible in a community (Beauchamp &
Childress, 2019). The word ethics is derived from the Greek roots ethikos,
morals, from ethos, mores, which further supports the idea. Thus, ethics is
the science of morality and good. Ethics are derived from values and moral
reasoning. On the other hand, laws are the formal rules established by
governments. They are enforced and regulate behavior to maintain social
order. The main difference is ethics are voluntary standards of right and
wrong that people or professions try to follow while laws are mandatory
requirements that have legal ramifications for failure to comply (Pozgar,
2020). In practice, ethical obligations exceed the legal minimums. Therefore,
an action can be legal and yet be ethically wrong (Varkey, 2021).
References
Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics (8th
ed.). Oxford University Press.
Casey. (2019). Hospice and Palliative Care: What's the Difference? (Ethics,
Law, and Policy). Medsurg Nursing, 28(3), 196–197.
Pozgar, G. D. (2020). Legal and ethical issues for health professionals (5th ed.).
Jones & Bartlett Learning.

, Varkey, B. (2021). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to
practice. Medical Principles and Practice, 30(1), 17–28.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000509119
Question 2 points
What is the difference between administrative and biomedical ethical
issues. (2 paragraphs--including in-text citations and references in proper
APA format)
Administrative ethical issues involve moral issues related to the functioning
of healthcare organizations (such as staffing, budgeting, development of
policy, and equitable distribution of resources). These issues focus on
fairness, transparency, and accountability at the organizational level, and
administrators must balance financial constraints with the obligation to
support safe, high-quality patient care (Darr, 2011). Since administrators
affect the systems in which care occurs, they often address ethical
challenges around justice and stewardship, ensuring that institutional
practices promote equity and do not disadvantage vulnerable populations
(Austin & Wetle, 2017).
Biomedical ethical issues, on the contrary side of things, stem from the
clinical interactions themselves and pertain to the moral dimensions of
diagnosing, treating, and caring for individual patients. These issues are
rooted in the four basic principles of biomedical ethics: autonomy,
beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Questions of informed consent,
confidentiality, end-of-life decisions, and the appropriate use of medical
interventions are often at the heart of these problems (Beauchamp &
Childress, 2019). Administrative ethics manages systems in an organization
and biomedical ethics manages decision making at the bedside. Together
they ensure that the structure of health care and the delivery of care meet
moral and professional standards.
References
Austin, A., & Wetle, T. (2017). Ethical challenges in health care: Developing
professionalism. Health Administration Press.

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