Biology 1108 Actual Exam Study Questions
with 100% Correct Answers | Latest Edition
1. Science - ANSWER a way of knowing that deals with what is directly
observable and leaves the rest to other ways of thinking
2. Inquiry - ANSWER a search for information
3. Discovery science - ANSWER describes natural structures to formulate
hypothesis
4. Hypothesis based structure - ANSWER specific questions, makes
predictions that can be tested, falsifiable
5. Scientific theory - ANSWER broad in scope, generates new hypotheses,
supported by experimental evidence
6. Hardy Weinburg equation - ANSWER p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p+q=1
p- frequency of allele A
q-frequency of allele a
p^2- frequency of AA genotype (homozygous dominant)
2pq- frequency of Aa genotype (heterozygous)
q^2- frequency of aa genotype (homozygous recessive)
,7. Hardy Weinburg equilibrium - ANSWER the frequency of alleles and
genotypes should remain constant from generation to generation in the
absence of evolutionary change
8. Genetic drift - ANSWER bottlenecking (a new mutation is much more
likely to randomly become common and rare alleles are more likely to be
eliminated in a population of 5 than 5 mill)
9. Gene flow - ANSWER transfer of alleles between populations through
movement of individuals or their gametes
10.Natural selection - ANSWER the only mechanism that typically leads to
adaptation, survival of the fittest
11.Directional selection - ANSWER favors individuals at one end of the
phenotypic range
12.Disruptive selection - ANSWER favors individuals at both extremes of the
phenotypic range
13.Stabilizing selection - ANSWER favors intermediate variants and acts
against extreme phenotypes
14.Intrasexual selection - ANSWER direct competition among individuals of
one sex for mates of the opposite sex
15.Intersexual selection - ANSWER occurs when individuals of one sex
(usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the
other sex
,-elaborate displays
16.Reproductive isolation - ANSWER biological factors (barriers) that impede
two species from producing viable fertile offspring
17.Evolution - ANSWER change over time in the genetic composition of a
population descent with modification
18.Adaptation - ANSWER a genetically inherited characteristic that enhances
an organism ability to survive and reproduce
19.Biological fitness - ANSWER the contribution an organism makes to the
gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of others
20.Artificial selection - ANSWER the intentional reproduction of individuals
in a population that have desirable traits
ex. Brassica oleracea, a wild mustard
21.Darwin's 4 Observations - ANSWER 1. Members of a population often vary
greatly in their traits
2. Many of these traits are inherited from parents to offspring
3. Species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can
support
4. Lack of these resources will prevent many of these offspring from surviving
22.Darwin's 2 Inferences - ANSWER 1. Individuals whose inherited traits give
them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given
environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals
, 2. This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the
accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations
23.Population - ANSWER a localized group of individuals that are capable of
interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
24.Alleles - ANSWER different copies of the same gene
25.Gene pool - ANSWER the total aggregate of all copies of all alleles in a
population at the same time
26.Mutations - ANSWER changes in DNA sequence, may be neutral, or may
change the phenotype (for better or worse), rare on the whole, but generally
occur in low levels in every individual in every generation (1 in every 30
mill base pairs on human Y chromosome per generation)
-source of how new variation in population
27.Hybrids - ANSWER offspring of crosses between different species;
suggests that reproductive barriers are incomplete
28.Pre-zygotic: Habitat isolation - ANSWER rarely encounter one another
29.Pre-zygotic: Temporal isolation - ANSWER species that breed at different
times of days, seasons, or years
30.Pre-zygotic: Behavioral isolation - ANSWER courtship rituals,
vocalizations and other behaviors unique to a species
with 100% Correct Answers | Latest Edition
1. Science - ANSWER a way of knowing that deals with what is directly
observable and leaves the rest to other ways of thinking
2. Inquiry - ANSWER a search for information
3. Discovery science - ANSWER describes natural structures to formulate
hypothesis
4. Hypothesis based structure - ANSWER specific questions, makes
predictions that can be tested, falsifiable
5. Scientific theory - ANSWER broad in scope, generates new hypotheses,
supported by experimental evidence
6. Hardy Weinburg equation - ANSWER p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p+q=1
p- frequency of allele A
q-frequency of allele a
p^2- frequency of AA genotype (homozygous dominant)
2pq- frequency of Aa genotype (heterozygous)
q^2- frequency of aa genotype (homozygous recessive)
,7. Hardy Weinburg equilibrium - ANSWER the frequency of alleles and
genotypes should remain constant from generation to generation in the
absence of evolutionary change
8. Genetic drift - ANSWER bottlenecking (a new mutation is much more
likely to randomly become common and rare alleles are more likely to be
eliminated in a population of 5 than 5 mill)
9. Gene flow - ANSWER transfer of alleles between populations through
movement of individuals or their gametes
10.Natural selection - ANSWER the only mechanism that typically leads to
adaptation, survival of the fittest
11.Directional selection - ANSWER favors individuals at one end of the
phenotypic range
12.Disruptive selection - ANSWER favors individuals at both extremes of the
phenotypic range
13.Stabilizing selection - ANSWER favors intermediate variants and acts
against extreme phenotypes
14.Intrasexual selection - ANSWER direct competition among individuals of
one sex for mates of the opposite sex
15.Intersexual selection - ANSWER occurs when individuals of one sex
(usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the
other sex
,-elaborate displays
16.Reproductive isolation - ANSWER biological factors (barriers) that impede
two species from producing viable fertile offspring
17.Evolution - ANSWER change over time in the genetic composition of a
population descent with modification
18.Adaptation - ANSWER a genetically inherited characteristic that enhances
an organism ability to survive and reproduce
19.Biological fitness - ANSWER the contribution an organism makes to the
gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of others
20.Artificial selection - ANSWER the intentional reproduction of individuals
in a population that have desirable traits
ex. Brassica oleracea, a wild mustard
21.Darwin's 4 Observations - ANSWER 1. Members of a population often vary
greatly in their traits
2. Many of these traits are inherited from parents to offspring
3. Species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can
support
4. Lack of these resources will prevent many of these offspring from surviving
22.Darwin's 2 Inferences - ANSWER 1. Individuals whose inherited traits give
them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given
environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals
, 2. This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the
accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations
23.Population - ANSWER a localized group of individuals that are capable of
interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
24.Alleles - ANSWER different copies of the same gene
25.Gene pool - ANSWER the total aggregate of all copies of all alleles in a
population at the same time
26.Mutations - ANSWER changes in DNA sequence, may be neutral, or may
change the phenotype (for better or worse), rare on the whole, but generally
occur in low levels in every individual in every generation (1 in every 30
mill base pairs on human Y chromosome per generation)
-source of how new variation in population
27.Hybrids - ANSWER offspring of crosses between different species;
suggests that reproductive barriers are incomplete
28.Pre-zygotic: Habitat isolation - ANSWER rarely encounter one another
29.Pre-zygotic: Temporal isolation - ANSWER species that breed at different
times of days, seasons, or years
30.Pre-zygotic: Behavioral isolation - ANSWER courtship rituals,
vocalizations and other behaviors unique to a species
