NAVLE VETERINARY MEDICINE:
TOXICOLOGY, PATHOLOGY,
CARDIOLOGY, NEUROLOGY, AND MORE
| COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep and Comprehensive Rationales Included
,Organophosphate Inhibits acetylcholinesterase; causes muscarinic signs.
Fleet enemas High in phosphorus; causes weakness, shock, and seizures.
Strychnine Antagonizes glycine; causes tremors and convulsions.
Chocolate Contains methylxanthines; causes CNS excitation and tachycardia.
Pyrethrins Alters Na channels in cats; causes depression and ataxia.
Acetaminophen Causes methemoglobinemia in cats due to lack of glutathione.
Heinz Body Anemia Caused by various toxins including onions and zinc.
Grapes and raisins Cause renal failure in dogs; mechanism unknown.
Ma Huang Contains pseudoephedrine and ephedrine; causes hyperthermia and tachycardia.
Zearalenone Potent estrogenic metabolite in pigs; causes hyperestrogenism.
Salt Poisoning Causes perivascular eosinophil infiltration and requires slow rehydration.
Copper Toxicity in sheep from cow/horse feed; causes hemolytic anemia.
Grass Tetany/staggers Caused by hypomagnesemia; characterized by stiff legged gait and
hyperexcitability.
Black Walnut Causes laminitis in horses.
Slaframine Causes hypersalivation ('slobbers') in animals.
, Oak (leaves/acorns) Toxic to various species; contains Quercus spp.
Hemorrhagic diarrhea Symptoms include abdominal pain, tenesmus, colic, and death.
Quercus Goats are most resistant; cattle experience renal damage (tubular nephrosis).
Cantharidin Toxin from Blister Beetles causing colicking in horses.
Claviceps purpura Parasitic fungus causing ergotism on rye, oats, wheat, and KY bluegrass.
Blue-green algae Includes Anabaena, Microcystis, Aphanizomenon; causes miosis, ptyalism, ↓ HR,
diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, and death.
Nightshade Contains atropine; CNS signs include mydriasis, progressive paralysis, and
depression.
Water Hemlock Toxic leaves cause grand mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, and death.
Lead Poisoning Causes acute blindness, dullness, recumbency, and vocalizing; in dogs, symptoms
include vomiting and seizures.
Sorghum Causes myelomalacia of the lower spinal cord leading to pelvic limb
incoordination and death.
Yellow Star Thistle Causes nigropallidal myelomalacia, loss of prehension, and grave prognosis.
False Hellebore Teratogen (Cyclopamine) causing craniofacial deformities and limb shortening.
Locoweeds Contain swainsonine; causes locoism in livestock with behavior changes and
ataxia.
Fescue Contains ergopeptine alkaloids; causes repro failure in mares and lameness.
Lupine Causes 'Crooked Calf Disease' with arthrogryposis and cleft palate.
Ponderosa Pine Needles Associated with last trimester abortion and retained placenta.
TOXICOLOGY, PATHOLOGY,
CARDIOLOGY, NEUROLOGY, AND MORE
| COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep and Comprehensive Rationales Included
,Organophosphate Inhibits acetylcholinesterase; causes muscarinic signs.
Fleet enemas High in phosphorus; causes weakness, shock, and seizures.
Strychnine Antagonizes glycine; causes tremors and convulsions.
Chocolate Contains methylxanthines; causes CNS excitation and tachycardia.
Pyrethrins Alters Na channels in cats; causes depression and ataxia.
Acetaminophen Causes methemoglobinemia in cats due to lack of glutathione.
Heinz Body Anemia Caused by various toxins including onions and zinc.
Grapes and raisins Cause renal failure in dogs; mechanism unknown.
Ma Huang Contains pseudoephedrine and ephedrine; causes hyperthermia and tachycardia.
Zearalenone Potent estrogenic metabolite in pigs; causes hyperestrogenism.
Salt Poisoning Causes perivascular eosinophil infiltration and requires slow rehydration.
Copper Toxicity in sheep from cow/horse feed; causes hemolytic anemia.
Grass Tetany/staggers Caused by hypomagnesemia; characterized by stiff legged gait and
hyperexcitability.
Black Walnut Causes laminitis in horses.
Slaframine Causes hypersalivation ('slobbers') in animals.
, Oak (leaves/acorns) Toxic to various species; contains Quercus spp.
Hemorrhagic diarrhea Symptoms include abdominal pain, tenesmus, colic, and death.
Quercus Goats are most resistant; cattle experience renal damage (tubular nephrosis).
Cantharidin Toxin from Blister Beetles causing colicking in horses.
Claviceps purpura Parasitic fungus causing ergotism on rye, oats, wheat, and KY bluegrass.
Blue-green algae Includes Anabaena, Microcystis, Aphanizomenon; causes miosis, ptyalism, ↓ HR,
diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, and death.
Nightshade Contains atropine; CNS signs include mydriasis, progressive paralysis, and
depression.
Water Hemlock Toxic leaves cause grand mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, and death.
Lead Poisoning Causes acute blindness, dullness, recumbency, and vocalizing; in dogs, symptoms
include vomiting and seizures.
Sorghum Causes myelomalacia of the lower spinal cord leading to pelvic limb
incoordination and death.
Yellow Star Thistle Causes nigropallidal myelomalacia, loss of prehension, and grave prognosis.
False Hellebore Teratogen (Cyclopamine) causing craniofacial deformities and limb shortening.
Locoweeds Contain swainsonine; causes locoism in livestock with behavior changes and
ataxia.
Fescue Contains ergopeptine alkaloids; causes repro failure in mares and lameness.
Lupine Causes 'Crooked Calf Disease' with arthrogryposis and cleft palate.
Ponderosa Pine Needles Associated with last trimester abortion and retained placenta.
