RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
3 (NUR2063) | COMPREHENSIVE
ADVANCED STUDY GUIDE 2026|
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep and Comprehensive Rationales Included
,What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis? Ribosomes read mRNA (messenger RNA) and translate its genetic code into
specific amino acids, which are then assembled into proteins.
What is mRNA? type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell
nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It serves as a template for protein
synthesis.
What hormones are insulin antagonist hormones and glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine.
cause raised blood sugar levels?
How do insulin antagonist hormones raise blood sugar stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores in the liver and
levels? promoting gluconeogenesis.
What is the main function of the endocrine system? regulate various bodily functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
How do hormones act within the body? as chemical messengers, traveling to target organs or tissues and eliciting specific
responses to maintain homeostasis.
What are the functions of plasma proteins? maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting substances like hormones and lipids,
and aiding in blood clotting and immune responses.
What are the electrolytes found in intracellular fluid? potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
What electrolytes are found in extracellular fluid? sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
What is hyponatremia? low sodium levels in the blood
What symptoms can occur with hyponatremia? nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, seizures, and coma
what is hypovolemia? decreased volume of circulating blood in the body, often due to dehydration,
hemorrhage, or excessive fluid loss
What is extracellular fluid made out of? interstitial fluid and plasma
What is a "sign"? An objective indication of a medical condition that can be observed or measured
, What is a "contradiction"? A specific factor or condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure
inadvisable.
What is the normal range of sodium in the blood? 135-145 mEq/L
Clinical Manifestations of Fluid Volume Overload Edema, Hypertension, Shortness of breath, Distended neck veins
In what ways does water loss occur? breathing, sweating and urination
What is a hypotonic solution? lower solute concentration than the surrounding fluid
What is a hypertonic solution? Has higher solute concentration than the surrounding fluid
What is an isotonic solution? have the same concentration as surrounding fluid
What is osmosis? movement of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable
membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration,
equalizing the concentration
What is the normal pH of blood? 7.35-7.45
What does pH stand for? potential hydrogen
What is diffusion? passive movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower
concentration until equilibrium is reached
How does the body maintain acid-base balance? respiratory regulation (breathing rate), and renal regulation (kidney function)
What are the clinical manifestations of metabolic rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations), confusion, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and
acidosis? in severe cases, shock and coma
What is sepsis? body's extreme response to an infection. It can lead to tissue damage, organ
failure, and death
3 (NUR2063) | COMPREHENSIVE
ADVANCED STUDY GUIDE 2026|
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep and Comprehensive Rationales Included
,What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis? Ribosomes read mRNA (messenger RNA) and translate its genetic code into
specific amino acids, which are then assembled into proteins.
What is mRNA? type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell
nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It serves as a template for protein
synthesis.
What hormones are insulin antagonist hormones and glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine.
cause raised blood sugar levels?
How do insulin antagonist hormones raise blood sugar stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores in the liver and
levels? promoting gluconeogenesis.
What is the main function of the endocrine system? regulate various bodily functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
How do hormones act within the body? as chemical messengers, traveling to target organs or tissues and eliciting specific
responses to maintain homeostasis.
What are the functions of plasma proteins? maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting substances like hormones and lipids,
and aiding in blood clotting and immune responses.
What are the electrolytes found in intracellular fluid? potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
What electrolytes are found in extracellular fluid? sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
What is hyponatremia? low sodium levels in the blood
What symptoms can occur with hyponatremia? nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, seizures, and coma
what is hypovolemia? decreased volume of circulating blood in the body, often due to dehydration,
hemorrhage, or excessive fluid loss
What is extracellular fluid made out of? interstitial fluid and plasma
What is a "sign"? An objective indication of a medical condition that can be observed or measured
, What is a "contradiction"? A specific factor or condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure
inadvisable.
What is the normal range of sodium in the blood? 135-145 mEq/L
Clinical Manifestations of Fluid Volume Overload Edema, Hypertension, Shortness of breath, Distended neck veins
In what ways does water loss occur? breathing, sweating and urination
What is a hypotonic solution? lower solute concentration than the surrounding fluid
What is a hypertonic solution? Has higher solute concentration than the surrounding fluid
What is an isotonic solution? have the same concentration as surrounding fluid
What is osmosis? movement of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable
membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration,
equalizing the concentration
What is the normal pH of blood? 7.35-7.45
What does pH stand for? potential hydrogen
What is diffusion? passive movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower
concentration until equilibrium is reached
How does the body maintain acid-base balance? respiratory regulation (breathing rate), and renal regulation (kidney function)
What are the clinical manifestations of metabolic rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations), confusion, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and
acidosis? in severe cases, shock and coma
What is sepsis? body's extreme response to an infection. It can lead to tissue damage, organ
failure, and death
