Oncology and Basic Nursing Management UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
, how is cancer diagnosed? biopsy is the definitive diagnostic test!
specimen examined under microscopy
constitutional sx of cancer*** fevers, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, fatigue
hall mark signs in H&P exam of cancer blood in stool for colorectal CA;
nagging cough for lung CA
positron emission tomography (PET) scan nuclear scan that shows patterns of tissue metabolism of glucose;
malignant tumors metabolize sugars more rapidly and are highlighted on PET
scans as "hot spots"
what is staging? process of determining the extent of cancer in the body and where it is located
anatomic tumor classification defines tissue of origin
histologic tumor classification grading of cell differentation (Grade I-IV);
I = well differentiated;
IV = undifferentiated
extent of disease tumor classification stage 0 = cancer in situ (pre-cancer)
stage IV = metastasis
how is cancer treated? cut (surgery);
burn (radiation);
poison (chemo)
goals of care for cancer cure, control, palliative (alleviate sx burden);
goals depend on staging
radiation high E beam damages cell DNA;
used for cure, control, or palliation;
set doses
external radiation teletherapy;
most common
internal radiation brachytherapy;
implanted seeds or insert radioactive material
ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable;
reduce exposure of radiation to people involved (time, distance, shielding)! wear
personal protection
radiation side effects fatigue, dermatitis
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
, how is cancer diagnosed? biopsy is the definitive diagnostic test!
specimen examined under microscopy
constitutional sx of cancer*** fevers, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, fatigue
hall mark signs in H&P exam of cancer blood in stool for colorectal CA;
nagging cough for lung CA
positron emission tomography (PET) scan nuclear scan that shows patterns of tissue metabolism of glucose;
malignant tumors metabolize sugars more rapidly and are highlighted on PET
scans as "hot spots"
what is staging? process of determining the extent of cancer in the body and where it is located
anatomic tumor classification defines tissue of origin
histologic tumor classification grading of cell differentation (Grade I-IV);
I = well differentiated;
IV = undifferentiated
extent of disease tumor classification stage 0 = cancer in situ (pre-cancer)
stage IV = metastasis
how is cancer treated? cut (surgery);
burn (radiation);
poison (chemo)
goals of care for cancer cure, control, palliative (alleviate sx burden);
goals depend on staging
radiation high E beam damages cell DNA;
used for cure, control, or palliation;
set doses
external radiation teletherapy;
most common
internal radiation brachytherapy;
implanted seeds or insert radioactive material
ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable;
reduce exposure of radiation to people involved (time, distance, shielding)! wear
personal protection
radiation side effects fatigue, dermatitis
