Pathophysiology of Renal, Endocrine, Reproductive,
and Gastrointestinal Disorders UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Bacteriuria - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacteria in urine.
Hematuria - CORRECT ANSWER -Blood in urine.
Stress Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Leakage with physical exertion (coughing, laughing, sneezing).
Urge Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Overactive bladder with a sudden, intense need to void.
Functional Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Inability to reach the toilet due to mobility or cognitive barriers.
Overflow Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Bladder overdistention causing constant dribbling.
Neurogenic Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Loss of normal bladder control due to nerve damage (e.g., spinal
cord injury).
UTI - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacterial invasion of the lower urinary tract.
Urolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER -Formation of crystalline calculi in the urinary tract.
Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacterial infection ascending into the kidneys.
PKD - CORRECT ANSWER -Genetic disorder where fluid-filled cysts replace healthy kidney tissue.
CRF - CORRECT ANSWER -Progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function over months to years.
SIADH - CORRECT ANSWER -Excess ADH causing inappropriate water retention.
Cushing's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER -Excess cortisol production.
Addison's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER -Autoimmune destruction causing lack of cortisol and aldosterone.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWER -Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells (absolute
insulin deficiency).
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - CORRECT ANSWER -Cellular insulin resistance leading to progressive beta-cell
fatigue.
DKA - CORRECT ANSWER -A life-threatening complication where profound insulin deficiency causes the body
to break down fat rapidly.
ACTH - CORRECT ANSWER -Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER -The primary stress hormone; increases blood glucose, regulates metabolism, and
reduces inflammation.
Growth Hormone (GH) - CORRECT ANSWER -Stimulates cellular growth, muscle development, and bone
regeneration.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER -Signals the kidneys to retain water, concentrating the urine
and reducing total urine output.
T3/T4 - CORRECT ANSWER -Regulate the basal metabolic rate, heart rate, and body temperature.
and Gastrointestinal Disorders UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Bacteriuria - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacteria in urine.
Hematuria - CORRECT ANSWER -Blood in urine.
Stress Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Leakage with physical exertion (coughing, laughing, sneezing).
Urge Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Overactive bladder with a sudden, intense need to void.
Functional Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Inability to reach the toilet due to mobility or cognitive barriers.
Overflow Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Bladder overdistention causing constant dribbling.
Neurogenic Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER -Loss of normal bladder control due to nerve damage (e.g., spinal
cord injury).
UTI - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacterial invasion of the lower urinary tract.
Urolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER -Formation of crystalline calculi in the urinary tract.
Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacterial infection ascending into the kidneys.
PKD - CORRECT ANSWER -Genetic disorder where fluid-filled cysts replace healthy kidney tissue.
CRF - CORRECT ANSWER -Progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function over months to years.
SIADH - CORRECT ANSWER -Excess ADH causing inappropriate water retention.
Cushing's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER -Excess cortisol production.
Addison's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER -Autoimmune destruction causing lack of cortisol and aldosterone.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWER -Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells (absolute
insulin deficiency).
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - CORRECT ANSWER -Cellular insulin resistance leading to progressive beta-cell
fatigue.
DKA - CORRECT ANSWER -A life-threatening complication where profound insulin deficiency causes the body
to break down fat rapidly.
ACTH - CORRECT ANSWER -Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER -The primary stress hormone; increases blood glucose, regulates metabolism, and
reduces inflammation.
Growth Hormone (GH) - CORRECT ANSWER -Stimulates cellular growth, muscle development, and bone
regeneration.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER -Signals the kidneys to retain water, concentrating the urine
and reducing total urine output.
T3/T4 - CORRECT ANSWER -Regulate the basal metabolic rate, heart rate, and body temperature.
