MSN570 EXAM 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
◉Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal. Answer: Lesions that involve
all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and
lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
◉Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental. Answer: When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
◉Glomerulonephritis. Answer: An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
◉Nephritic syndrome. Answer: Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which
occur as a result of inflammation.
,1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention
-- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC
casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition
activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
◉Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor. Answer: refers to
an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial,
basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms
specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the
capsule.
◉sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor. Answer: refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
◉necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor. Answer: refers to
cellular death.
◉Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy. Answer: A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
, ◉Bladder cancer. Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
◉Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis. Answer: History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
◉Hydronephrosis. Answer: An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
◉Polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Answer: inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
◉Renal cell carcinoma. Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from
kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
◉Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms. Answer: Hematuria
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
◉Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal. Answer: Lesions that involve
all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and
lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
◉Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental. Answer: When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the
lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
◉Glomerulonephritis. Answer: An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
◉Nephritic syndrome. Answer: Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the
passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which
occur as a result of inflammation.
,1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention
-- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC
casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition
activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
◉Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor. Answer: refers to
an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial,
basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms
specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the
capsule.
◉sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor. Answer: refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
◉necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor. Answer: refers to
cellular death.
◉Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy. Answer: A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
, ◉Bladder cancer. Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
◉Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis. Answer: History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
◉Hydronephrosis. Answer: An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
◉Polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Answer: inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
◉Renal cell carcinoma. Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from
kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
◉Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms. Answer: Hematuria
