BIOL251 Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/Lab 2026 | Module 6 Exam Review |70+ Questions and Answers Summary |LockDown Browser |Portage Learning Questions with 100% verified answers 2026/2027 Superior

uperior (cranial) toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (caudal) away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Ventral (anterior) toward or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior) Toward or at the back of the body; behind Medial toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate between a more medial and a more lateral structure Proximal closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial toward or at the body surface Deep (internal) away from the body surface; more internal Anatomical Position erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know Axial fundamental division of our body. Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular fundamental division of our body. relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis. Orbital pertaining to the eye socket (orbit) Palmar pertaining to the palm of the hand Pedal pertaining to the foot Dorsum pertaining to the back Lumbar pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin Occipital Back of the head Plantar pertaining to the sole of the foot Vertebral pertaining to the area of the spinal column Anterior/Ventral Body Posterior/Dorsal Body Sagittal a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts Median Plane (midsagittal plane) sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline Parasagittal Planes all other sagittal planes offset from the midline Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane) like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse/Horizontal Plane runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back) Oblique Sections cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes Dorsal Body Cavity protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions Cranial Cavity in the skull, encases the brain Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity) runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord Ventral Body Cavity the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera Thoracic Cavity surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest Pleural Cavities lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum Medial Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity Pericardial Cavity encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others) Abdominopelvic Cavity seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities Abdominal Cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs Pelvic Cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Parietal Serosa lines internal body walls Visceral Serosa covers the internal organs Abdominopelvic Quadrants Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Abdominopelvic Regions Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists Umbilical region The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus Right and Left Iliac or Inguinal Regions located lateral to hypogastric regions, superior part of the hip bone Right and Left Lumbar Regions lie lateral to the umbilical region Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions Flank the epigastric region laterally Oral and Digestive Cavities aka mouth, teeth and tongue, this cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus. Nasal Cavity located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways Orbital Cavities in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position Middle Ear Cavities carved into the skull lie just medial to the cardrums. contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears. Synovial Cavities Are joint cavities, enclosed within the fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body i.e. elbow and knee joints. Secreate a lubricating fl. tht reduces friction as the bones move acrossone another. What is anatomy? the study of structure of body parts and their relationship to one another What is physiology? the study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities What is gross or macroscopic anatomy? the study of the large body structures, visible to the naked eye such as heart, lungs kidneys What is regional anatomy? the study of all the structures in a particular region of the : abdomen or legs What is systemic anatomy? the study of body systems such as the cardiovascular system What are the 3 different subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy? regional, systemic, and surface anatomy What is surface anatomy? the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface - e.g. - identifying the bulging muscles beneath a bodybuilders skin or to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses or draw blood What are 2 subdivisions of study for microscopic anatomy? cytology (cells) and histology (tissues) What is developmental anatomy? Tracing structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span -- Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes occurring before birth What are some subdivisions of physiology? renal physiology (operation of kidney), neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiovascular physiology (operation of the heart and blood vessels) What is the principle of complementarity? anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form. In what way does physiology depend of anatomy? the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy What are the levels of structural organization? chemical (atoms and molecules), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level What does the digestive system do? takes in nutrients, breaks them down into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) What does the respiratory system do? takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide What does the urinary system do? eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions What does the cardiovascular system do? via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs What does the integumentary system do? Skin, hair and nails protect the body as a whole from the external environment - drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, chemicals all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs cells _____ ____ work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions organ systems Integumentary system Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury - made up of hair, nails and skin Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints Muscular system Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Made up of skeletal muscles Nervous system The fast acting control system of the body; it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles muscles and glands. Made up of the the brain, nerves and spinal cord Endocrine system Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Mad up of pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis Cardiovascular system Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Made up of blood vessels and heart Lymphatic system/ immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic system, houses while blood cells involved in immunity. Immune system attacks foreign substances in the body. Mad up of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes Respiratory system Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Made up of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus Digestive system Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces Made up of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Made up of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra Male and female reproductive systems Production of offspring. For male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina What are some functions of the lymphatic system? it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity; What are the necessary life functions? maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth What is metabolism? a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler ones (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities What are the survival needs? Nutrients (needed for energy and cell building), oxygen (approx. 20% of the air we breathe), water (60-80% of our body), normal body temp. (37 c) and atmospheric pressure (force that air exerts on the surface of the body What is homeostasis? the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world What are control mechanisms for homeostasis? 3 components -- the receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action (determines the set point - the level that must be maintained) and then the info flows to the effector which provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus (output). The results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus by either reducing it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback) What is negative feedback within homeostasis? and example the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood sugar (endocrine mechanism) What separates living beings from nonliving objects? Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental change, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects do not exhibit all of these What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells metabolism Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet? because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood. What is positive feedback examples the response enhances, exaggerates or accelerates the original stimulus (cascades); exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause? disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure) the head is _______ to the abdomen superior the navel is ______ to the chin inferior See 82 more Add or remove terms You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them