WESTERN GOVERNORS UNIVERSITY
D333 ETHICS IN TECHNOLOGY |
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE AND
EXAM PREP 2026 | GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep and Comprehensive Rationales Included
,agile development A software development methodology in which a system is developed in
iterations lasting from one to four weeks. Unlike the waterfall system development
model, agile development accepts the fact that system requirements are evolving
and cannot be fully understood or defined at the start of the project.
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual An agreement of the World Trade Organization that requires member
Property Rights (TRIPS) governments to ensure that intellectual property rights can be enforced under
their laws and that penalties for infringement are tough enough to deter further
violations.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act A wide-ranging act that authorized $787 billion in spending and tax cuts over a 10-
year period and included strong privacy provisions for electronic health records,
such as banning the sale of health information, promoting the use of audit trails
and encryption, and providing rights of access for patients.
annualized loss expectancy (ALE) The estimated loss from a potential risk event over the course of a year. The
following equation is used to calculate the annual loss expectancy: ARO × SLE =
ALE. Where ARO is the annualized rate of occurrence, an estimate of the
probability that this event will occur over the course of a year and SLE is the single
loss expectancy, the estimated loss that would be incurred if the event happens.
annualized rate of occurrence (ARO) An estimate of the probability that a risk event will occur over the course of a year.
anonymous expression The expression of opinions by people who do not reveal their identity.
anonymous remailer service A service that allows anonymity on the Internet by using a computer program that
strips the originating header and/or IP address from the message and then
forwards the message to its intended recipient.
anti-SLAPP laws Laws designed to reduce frivolous SLAPPs (strategic lawsuit against public
participation (SLAPP), which is a lawsuit filed by corporations, government
officials, and others against citizens and community groups who oppose them on
matters of concern).
antivirus software Software that scans for a specific sequence of bytes, known as a virus signature,
that indicates the presence of a specific virus.
, artificial intelligence systems The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to
develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence
processes, including learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using
the information), reasoning (using rules to reach conclusions), and self-correction
(using the outcome from one scenario to improve its performance on future
scenarios).
audit committee A group that provides assistance to the board of directors in fulfilling its
responsibilities with respect to the oversight of the quality and integrity of the
organization's accounting and reporting practices and controls, including financial
statements and reports; the organization's compliance with legal and regulatory
requirements; the qualifications, independence, and performance of the
company's independent auditor; and the performance of the company's internal
audit team.
avoidance The elimination of a vulnerability that gives rise to a particular risk in order to avoid
the risk altogether. This is the most effective solution but often not possible due to
organizational requirements and factors beyond an organization's control.
Bathsheba syndrome The moral corruption of people in power, which is often facilitated by a tendency
for people to look the other way when their leaders act inappropriately.
best practice A method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those
achieved with other means and that is used as a benchmark within a particular
industry.
Bill of Rights The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution that spell out additional
rights of individuals.
black-box testing A type of dynamic testing that involves viewing the software unit as a device that
has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are
unknown (a black box).
blended threat A sophisticated threat that combines the features of a virus, worm, Trojan horse,
and other malicious code into a single payload.
body of knowledge An agreed-upon sets of skills and abilities that all licensed professionals must
possess.
botnet A large group of computers, which are controlled from one or more remote
locations by hackers, without the knowledge or consent of their owners.
D333 ETHICS IN TECHNOLOGY |
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE AND
EXAM PREP 2026 | GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep and Comprehensive Rationales Included
,agile development A software development methodology in which a system is developed in
iterations lasting from one to four weeks. Unlike the waterfall system development
model, agile development accepts the fact that system requirements are evolving
and cannot be fully understood or defined at the start of the project.
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual An agreement of the World Trade Organization that requires member
Property Rights (TRIPS) governments to ensure that intellectual property rights can be enforced under
their laws and that penalties for infringement are tough enough to deter further
violations.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act A wide-ranging act that authorized $787 billion in spending and tax cuts over a 10-
year period and included strong privacy provisions for electronic health records,
such as banning the sale of health information, promoting the use of audit trails
and encryption, and providing rights of access for patients.
annualized loss expectancy (ALE) The estimated loss from a potential risk event over the course of a year. The
following equation is used to calculate the annual loss expectancy: ARO × SLE =
ALE. Where ARO is the annualized rate of occurrence, an estimate of the
probability that this event will occur over the course of a year and SLE is the single
loss expectancy, the estimated loss that would be incurred if the event happens.
annualized rate of occurrence (ARO) An estimate of the probability that a risk event will occur over the course of a year.
anonymous expression The expression of opinions by people who do not reveal their identity.
anonymous remailer service A service that allows anonymity on the Internet by using a computer program that
strips the originating header and/or IP address from the message and then
forwards the message to its intended recipient.
anti-SLAPP laws Laws designed to reduce frivolous SLAPPs (strategic lawsuit against public
participation (SLAPP), which is a lawsuit filed by corporations, government
officials, and others against citizens and community groups who oppose them on
matters of concern).
antivirus software Software that scans for a specific sequence of bytes, known as a virus signature,
that indicates the presence of a specific virus.
, artificial intelligence systems The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to
develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence
processes, including learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using
the information), reasoning (using rules to reach conclusions), and self-correction
(using the outcome from one scenario to improve its performance on future
scenarios).
audit committee A group that provides assistance to the board of directors in fulfilling its
responsibilities with respect to the oversight of the quality and integrity of the
organization's accounting and reporting practices and controls, including financial
statements and reports; the organization's compliance with legal and regulatory
requirements; the qualifications, independence, and performance of the
company's independent auditor; and the performance of the company's internal
audit team.
avoidance The elimination of a vulnerability that gives rise to a particular risk in order to avoid
the risk altogether. This is the most effective solution but often not possible due to
organizational requirements and factors beyond an organization's control.
Bathsheba syndrome The moral corruption of people in power, which is often facilitated by a tendency
for people to look the other way when their leaders act inappropriately.
best practice A method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those
achieved with other means and that is used as a benchmark within a particular
industry.
Bill of Rights The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution that spell out additional
rights of individuals.
black-box testing A type of dynamic testing that involves viewing the software unit as a device that
has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are
unknown (a black box).
blended threat A sophisticated threat that combines the features of a virus, worm, Trojan horse,
and other malicious code into a single payload.
body of knowledge An agreed-upon sets of skills and abilities that all licensed professionals must
possess.
botnet A large group of computers, which are controlled from one or more remote
locations by hackers, without the knowledge or consent of their owners.
