Pathophysiology Exam Study
Guide – Practice Questions
with Verified Answers. GRADED
A+. Latest 2026/2027 Update
What are antigens? - Answer✔✔-"non-self" substances or foreign substances
the body sees as harmful
What are antibodies? - Answer✔✔-Y-shaped proteins secreted by B cells that
function as antigen receptors on immune cells that recognize foreign
substances
How does the immune system respond to the antigens? - Answer✔✔-By
creating antibodies
What is immunity? - Answer✔✔-Protection from disease
What is an example of immunity? - Answer✔✔-vaccines, such as chickenpox
vaccines or covid vaccines
What are the major immune organs? - Answer✔✔-Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
,Tonsils
Bone Marrow
Appendix
Peyer's Patches in intestine
What are Helper T-Cells also known as? - Answer✔✔-CD4 Cells
What do Helper T-Cells (CD4 Cells) do? - Answer✔✔-Secrete cytokines that
influence all other cells
What are the master regulators of the whole immune system? - Answer✔✔-
Helper T-Cells (CD4 Cells)
Which cells move into thymus to become mature and move to regular tissues
to keep healthy? - Answer✔✔-Pre-T Cells
Which cell is also known as CD8 cells? - Answer✔✔-Cytotoxic T-Cells
What do B-Cells do? - Answer✔✔-form specific proteins called
immunoglobulins (antibodies)
IgG (Immunoglobulin G) - Answer✔✔-ganoglobulin; the most abundant;
crosses placenta and transfers from mom to baby
IgA (Immunoglobulin A) - Answer✔✔-saliva, tears, colostrum, virus, and
bacteria from attaching to cell walls
,IgM (Immunoglobulin M) - Answer✔✔-first on the scene in response to an
antigen, assesses and starts immunity process; the first that a newborn
produces
Mature monocytes become: - Answer✔✔-Macrophages
What are Monocytes? - Answer✔✔-Scavengers that actually engulf and digest
foreign cells destroying them
What do Monocytes do? - Answer✔✔-Help to fight off antigens until adaptive
immunity can begin. VERY IMPORTANT!
How do Macrophages cause adaptive immunity to kick in? - Answer✔✔-
Macrophages process and present the antigen to the lymphocytes.
What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells? - Answer✔✔-Lymphocytes (WBCs) that
work in innate immunity.
What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells also known as? - Answer✔✔-Effector Cells
What are Natural Killer Cells programmed to do? - Answer✔✔-They are
programmed to kill foreign cells automatically.
Which cell does not have to be activated by macrophages or cytokines? -
Answer✔✔-Natural Killer (NK) cells. If they see it, they kill it.
, Where are Central Lymph Organs located? - Answer✔✔-Bone marrow and
Thymus
What are lymph organs connected by? - Answer✔✔-Blood vessels and
channels
Where are Peripheral Lymph Organs located? - Answer✔✔-Lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches in the intestines, reproductive organs
and respiratory tract
What is the primary goal of lymph organs? - Answer✔✔-To transport and
house immune cells while they search out foreign material and/or antigens.
What are the two types of immunity? - Answer✔✔-Innate and Adaptive
Innate immunity is: - Answer✔✔--"inborn"
-physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses in place prior to infection
-Immediate barrier to microbes and foreign objects
What is our greatest innate physical membrane? - Answer✔✔-skin and mucus
membrane
Which type of immunity provides immediate response to foreign substances
and consists of epithelial barriers, phagocytic cells, including macrocytes,
macrophages, and natural killer cells? - Answer✔✔-Innate Immunity
Guide – Practice Questions
with Verified Answers. GRADED
A+. Latest 2026/2027 Update
What are antigens? - Answer✔✔-"non-self" substances or foreign substances
the body sees as harmful
What are antibodies? - Answer✔✔-Y-shaped proteins secreted by B cells that
function as antigen receptors on immune cells that recognize foreign
substances
How does the immune system respond to the antigens? - Answer✔✔-By
creating antibodies
What is immunity? - Answer✔✔-Protection from disease
What is an example of immunity? - Answer✔✔-vaccines, such as chickenpox
vaccines or covid vaccines
What are the major immune organs? - Answer✔✔-Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
,Tonsils
Bone Marrow
Appendix
Peyer's Patches in intestine
What are Helper T-Cells also known as? - Answer✔✔-CD4 Cells
What do Helper T-Cells (CD4 Cells) do? - Answer✔✔-Secrete cytokines that
influence all other cells
What are the master regulators of the whole immune system? - Answer✔✔-
Helper T-Cells (CD4 Cells)
Which cells move into thymus to become mature and move to regular tissues
to keep healthy? - Answer✔✔-Pre-T Cells
Which cell is also known as CD8 cells? - Answer✔✔-Cytotoxic T-Cells
What do B-Cells do? - Answer✔✔-form specific proteins called
immunoglobulins (antibodies)
IgG (Immunoglobulin G) - Answer✔✔-ganoglobulin; the most abundant;
crosses placenta and transfers from mom to baby
IgA (Immunoglobulin A) - Answer✔✔-saliva, tears, colostrum, virus, and
bacteria from attaching to cell walls
,IgM (Immunoglobulin M) - Answer✔✔-first on the scene in response to an
antigen, assesses and starts immunity process; the first that a newborn
produces
Mature monocytes become: - Answer✔✔-Macrophages
What are Monocytes? - Answer✔✔-Scavengers that actually engulf and digest
foreign cells destroying them
What do Monocytes do? - Answer✔✔-Help to fight off antigens until adaptive
immunity can begin. VERY IMPORTANT!
How do Macrophages cause adaptive immunity to kick in? - Answer✔✔-
Macrophages process and present the antigen to the lymphocytes.
What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells? - Answer✔✔-Lymphocytes (WBCs) that
work in innate immunity.
What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells also known as? - Answer✔✔-Effector Cells
What are Natural Killer Cells programmed to do? - Answer✔✔-They are
programmed to kill foreign cells automatically.
Which cell does not have to be activated by macrophages or cytokines? -
Answer✔✔-Natural Killer (NK) cells. If they see it, they kill it.
, Where are Central Lymph Organs located? - Answer✔✔-Bone marrow and
Thymus
What are lymph organs connected by? - Answer✔✔-Blood vessels and
channels
Where are Peripheral Lymph Organs located? - Answer✔✔-Lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches in the intestines, reproductive organs
and respiratory tract
What is the primary goal of lymph organs? - Answer✔✔-To transport and
house immune cells while they search out foreign material and/or antigens.
What are the two types of immunity? - Answer✔✔-Innate and Adaptive
Innate immunity is: - Answer✔✔--"inborn"
-physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses in place prior to infection
-Immediate barrier to microbes and foreign objects
What is our greatest innate physical membrane? - Answer✔✔-skin and mucus
membrane
Which type of immunity provides immediate response to foreign substances
and consists of epithelial barriers, phagocytic cells, including macrocytes,
macrophages, and natural killer cells? - Answer✔✔-Innate Immunity
