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Friday 17 May 2024 – Morning
GCSE (9−1) Chemistry B (Twenty First Century Science)
J258/03 Breadth in Chemistry (Higher Tier)
Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
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2
1 Fertilisers are used to increase the growth of plants.
They are added to soil to provide essential plant nutrient elements.
(a) Nitrogen is one essential plant nutrient element.
Name two other essential plant nutrient elements.
1 .......................................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
(i) State one disadvantage of the over-use of synthetic fertilisers.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why farmers still use synthetic fertilisers despite their disadvantages.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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3
(c) An example of a synthetic fertiliser is ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3.
Ammonium nitrate is produced when ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, reacts with nitric acid, HNO3.
NH4OH(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq) + H2O(l)
The relative formula masses for the reactants and products are shown in the table.
NH4OH HNO3 NH4NO3 H2O
Relative formula mass 35.0 63.0 80.0 18.0
Calculate the atom economy for the formation of NH4NO3.
Use the equation:
mass of atoms in desired product
atom economy = × 100%
total mass of atoms in reactants
Give your answer to 1 decimal place.
Atom economy = ..................................................... % [4]
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4
2 Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows three models of the arrangement of ions in sodium chloride.
Fig. 2.1
_
_ + _ + _
+ _ + _ + _ +
_ + _ + _
+ _ _ +
+ _ _ +
_ + _
+ _ +
+_ _+
+
Model A Model B Model C
(i) Describe the attraction between ions in sodium chloride.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Which two statements about the limitations of the models in Fig. 2.1 are true?
Tick (✓) two boxes.
Model A does not show the relative sizes of the ions.
Model C does not show the 3-D arrangement of ions.
None of the models show that sodium chloride is a compound
containing two elements.
Only one model shows that a chloride ion is an anion.
[2]
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