NUR 2356 Multidimensional Care - MDC 1,2 & 3 Exams/ A Review of 228 Real Questions and Solutions with Clinical Rationales| Guaranteed Pass

NUR 2356 Multidimensional Care Study Guide: MDC 1, 2 & 3 Exam Review Comprehensive study guide for NUR 2356 Multidimensional Care (MDC 1, 2 & 3). Covers key nursing concepts including frostbite, altitude sickness, drowning, heat stroke, shock, triage, neurological assessments, and emergency preparedness. Essential for nursing students preparing for exams. NUR 2356 Multidimensional Care - MDC 1,2 & 3 Exams/ A Review of 228 Real Questions and Solutions with Clinical Rationales| Guaranteed Pass 1. Grade 1 frostbite: ANS hyperemia (increased blood flow) of the involved area and edema formation and edema, superficial tissues 2. Grade 2 frostbite: ANS large, clear-to-milky, fluid-filled blisters with partial-thickness skin necrosis 3. Grade 3 frostbite: ANS small blisters containing dark fluid; body part is cool, numb, blue or red, and does not blanch, Full-thickness and subcutaneous tissue necrosis occurs and requires debridement. 4. Grade 4 frostbite: ANS Blister over the carpal or tarsal (not just the digit); numb, cold, bloodless; necrosis extends to muscle and bone. At this stage, gangrene develops, which may require amputation of the affected part 5. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS): ANS condition that occurs as a result of acute exposure due to a low partial pressure of oxygen 6. HACE: ANS A form of acute mountain sickness, often seen with high-altitude pulmonary edema (fluid accumulates on the brain. Signs and symptoms include confusion, clumsiness, stumbling, HAPE), excessive emotion or violence, and drowsiness and loss of consciousness before death. 7. HAPE: ANS high-altitude pulmonary edema or altitude sickness that occurs at altitudes over 8,200ft. A form of acute mountain sickness often seen with high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Signs and symptoms include persistent dry cough, cyanosis of the lips and nail beds, tachycardia and tachypnea at rest, and fever, Pink, frothy sputum is a late sign. 8. AMS: ANS A condition that affects individuals at high altitudes due to lower air pressure and lower oxygen levels 9. Drowning teaching: ANS •Leading cause of accidental death in the U.S. • Teach: • Observe others in and around water • Do not swim alone • Test water depth • Avoid alcohol and substances when swimming, boating, in water • Keep rescue equipment available 10. Drowning: ANS results in collapse of alveoli and pulmonary edema 11. Drowning Assessment: ANS Look: Cyanosis, frothy pink stable bubbles, Tachypnea to apnea (pulmonary edema) 12. Drowning first aid: ANS priority is safe removal from the water, Spine stabilization with a board or flotation device should be considered only for victims who are at high risk for spine trauma, Initiate airway clearance and ventilatory support measures, including delivering rescue breaths, as soon as possible while the patient is still in the water. If hypothermia is a concern, handle the victim gently to prevent ventricular fibrillation. 13. Heat exhaustion: ANS A syndrome primarily caused by dehydration from heavy perspiration and inadequate fluid and electrolyte consumption during heat exposure over hours to days; if left untreated, can be a precursor to heat stroke. 14. Heat exhaustion symptoms: ANS •If untreated, can lead to heat stroke, a true medical emergency • Flu-like symptoms • Headache • Weakness • Nausea • Vomiting • Body temperature may not be elevated a syndrome primarily caused by dehydration from heavy perspiration and inadequate fluid and electrolyte consumption during heat exposure over hours to days; if left untreated, can be a precursor to heat stroke. 15. Heat Exhaustion Treatment outside hospital: ANS Stop physical activity, move to a cool place Cooling measures on neck, chest, abdomen, groin Soak in cool water or fan while spraying water on skin Remove constriction clothing Provide sports drinks or oral re hydration therapy Plain water can worsen sodium deficit. Do not give salt tablets Call an ambulance to transport to hospital if symptoms persist 16. Heat exhaustion treatment in hospital: ANS Monitor vital signs Rehydrate with IV 0.9% saline as prescribed Draw blood for serum electrolyte analysis Admission may be indicated 17. Heat related illness prevention: ANS -avoid alcohol and caffeine -sunscreen SPF 30 - rest frequently and take breaks from hot environment -loose-fitting clothes -Ask family/friends to check on elderly ppl at least 2x a day in a heat wave 19. Heat stroke: ANS Heat stroke is a medical emergency in which body temperature may exceed104°F (40°C). It has a high mortality rate if not treated in a timely manner. The victim's thermoregulation mechanisms fail and cannot adjust for a critical elevation in body temperature. If the condition is not treated or the patient does not respond to treatment, organ dysfunction and death can result. 18. Heat stroke signs: ANS True medical emergency Body temperature more than 104°F (40°C) • Hot and dry skin; may or may not perspire • Mental status changes such as: Acute confusion, Bizarre, hallucinations behavior, Anxiety, Loss of coordination, H Agitation, Seizures, Coma 19. Heat Stroke •Treatment in the community setting: ANS •Ensure patent airway • Remove from hot environment • Contact emergency medical services • Do not give food or liquid by mouth due to aspiration risk • Immediate medical care using life support is essential 20. Heat Stroke; •Treatment in the clinical setting: ANS •Oxygen • Insert at least one IV with large-bore needle or canula • Fluids as prescribed (cooled if possible) • Cooling blanket • Laboratory tests • Rectal probe to measure core temperature 21. Lightning injuries; Treatment in the community setting: ANS Airway maintenance Spinal stabilization CPR if needed Cover burns with sterile dressing only if time and resources permit Tetanus Priority attention to maintenance of an adequate airway, effective breathing, and circulation through standard 22. Lightning injuries; treatment in clinical settings: ANS treatment in the clinical setting ACLS May require mechanical ventilation Assess for obvious and hidden injuries CT of the head CK to detect skeletal muscle damage Burn wounds Tetanus prophylaxis May need burn center follow-up 23. At Risk for Heat Exhaustion: ANS obesity 24. Drowning: ANS It occurs when a person suffers primary respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in a liquid medium (usually water). Aspiration of both fresh water and salt water causes surfactant to wash out of the lungs. Surfactant tension within the alveoli, increases lung compliance and alveolar radius, and decreases the work of breathing. Loss of surfactant destabilizes the alveoli and leads to increased airway resistance. Salt water—a hypertonic fluid—also creates an osmotic gradient that draws protein-rich fluid from the vascular space into the alveoli. In both cases, pulmonary edema results 25. Drowning prevention: ANS Constantly observe people who cannot swim and are in or around water. • Do not swim alone. • Test the water depth before diving in head first; never dive into shallow water. • Avoid alcoholic beverages and substance use when swimming and boating and while in proximity to water.