MICROBIOLOGY A SYSTEMS APPROACH
STUDY SHEET 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS EXPERT VERIFIED
◉List and describe the main steps of animal virus replication.
Answer: 1. adsorption
2. penetration
3. uncoating
4. synthesis
5. assembly
6. release from host cell
◉What is the difference between DNA virus replication and RNA
virus replication?. Answer: DNA viral replication occurs in the
nucleus, while RNA viral replication occurs in the cytoplasm
(ribosomes)
◉True/False: Viruses that infect animal cells can never infect human
cells.. Answer: False
,◉in vivo methods. Answer: viral cultivation in lab animals or
embryonic bird tissues
◉in vitro methods. Answer: viral cultivation in cell or tissue culture
◉benefits of using bird embryos. Answer: -embryonic development
occurs in a protective shell
-intact and self-supporting unit with its own sterile environment
and nourishment
-furnishes several embryonic tissues that support viral
multiplication
◉pocks. Answer: discrete, opaque spots indicating localized areas of
damage
◉cell culture of tissue culture. Answer: in vitro cultivation systems
-simple and effective way to grow populations of isolated animal
cells in culture dishes
-most viruses are propagated through cell culture
-much of a virologist's work involves developing and maintaining
cultures
◉primary cell cultures. Answer: -freshly isolated animal tissue is
placed in a growth medium
, -cells undergo mitotic division, producing a monolayer
-retain the characteristics of the original tissue from which they
were derived
◉continuous cell cultures. Answer: -have altered chromosome
numbers
-grow rapidly
-show changes in morphology
-can be continuously subcultured if they are given fresh nutrient
media
◉detecting viral growth in cultures. Answer: -degeneration and lysis
of infected cells
-plaques
◉plaques. Answer: -clear, well-defined patches in the cell sheet
-develops when viruses released from an infected cell radiate out to
surrounding cells and infect them
-infection spreads gradually and symmetrically from the original
point of infection
◉the primary purposes of viral cultivation. Answer: isolate and
identify
make vaccines
STUDY SHEET 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS EXPERT VERIFIED
◉List and describe the main steps of animal virus replication.
Answer: 1. adsorption
2. penetration
3. uncoating
4. synthesis
5. assembly
6. release from host cell
◉What is the difference between DNA virus replication and RNA
virus replication?. Answer: DNA viral replication occurs in the
nucleus, while RNA viral replication occurs in the cytoplasm
(ribosomes)
◉True/False: Viruses that infect animal cells can never infect human
cells.. Answer: False
,◉in vivo methods. Answer: viral cultivation in lab animals or
embryonic bird tissues
◉in vitro methods. Answer: viral cultivation in cell or tissue culture
◉benefits of using bird embryos. Answer: -embryonic development
occurs in a protective shell
-intact and self-supporting unit with its own sterile environment
and nourishment
-furnishes several embryonic tissues that support viral
multiplication
◉pocks. Answer: discrete, opaque spots indicating localized areas of
damage
◉cell culture of tissue culture. Answer: in vitro cultivation systems
-simple and effective way to grow populations of isolated animal
cells in culture dishes
-most viruses are propagated through cell culture
-much of a virologist's work involves developing and maintaining
cultures
◉primary cell cultures. Answer: -freshly isolated animal tissue is
placed in a growth medium
, -cells undergo mitotic division, producing a monolayer
-retain the characteristics of the original tissue from which they
were derived
◉continuous cell cultures. Answer: -have altered chromosome
numbers
-grow rapidly
-show changes in morphology
-can be continuously subcultured if they are given fresh nutrient
media
◉detecting viral growth in cultures. Answer: -degeneration and lysis
of infected cells
-plaques
◉plaques. Answer: -clear, well-defined patches in the cell sheet
-develops when viruses released from an infected cell radiate out to
surrounding cells and infect them
-infection spreads gradually and symmetrically from the original
point of infection
◉the primary purposes of viral cultivation. Answer: isolate and
identify
make vaccines
