MIDTERM Study Bank EXAM 2026-2027 NEWEST VERSION
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which enantiomer amino acids are used in protein synthesis
L-amino acids
does the carboxyl group donate or accept a proton
donates a proton (acidic). becomes C-COO-
the amino group tends to donate or accept a proton?
accepts a proton (basic). C-NH3+
how are amino acids grouped together?
according to the R group on the alpha carbon
,which way will hydrophilic amino acids fold?
to face the aqueous environment
how will hydrophobic amino acids fold
to be protected from the aqueous environment
how are amino acids linked together
peptide bonds
the charged R groups of basic and acidic amino acids stabilize
specific protein conformations via
ionic interactions or salt bridges
what is the function of salt bridge and ionic interactions to
stabilize amino acids
function as a charge relay system during enzymatic catalysis
and electron transport in respining mitochondria
,what is step 1 in the life cycle of a protein
polypeptides are formed from amino acids that are joined
together by amide bonds (peptide bonds) as the ribosome
reads codons on the mRNA
what is the 2nd step in the lifecycle of a protein
the polypeptide is folded and processed into a protein
what is the 3rd step of the life cycle of a protein
some proteins will undergo covalent modifications that tag them
to a certain location
what is the 4th step in the lifecycle of a protein
proteins can be activated and catalyzed
what is the 5th step of the life cycle of a protein
eventually proteins are tagged with ubiquitin to be degraded
into an amino acid recycled pool that is utilized to synthesize
peptides
, What are the ionizable groups in amino acids?
1. alpha carboxyl group
2. alpha amino group
3. some side chains
size exclusion chromatography
separates proteins based on their size
ion-exchange chromatography
molecules separated based on net surface charge
hydrophobic interaction chromatography
column chromatography that separates molecules based on their
hydrophobicity (aversion to water molecules)
affinity chromatography
separates proteins based on the affinity of the R groups to the
resin in the chromatography column