PUB4869 ASSIGNMENT 2 2026 bmz Critically analyse the descriptive and prescriptive models of policy analysis in Public Administration. In your discussion, explain each model in detail, compare their theoretical foundations, and provide practical example

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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5

2. CONCEPTUALISING POLICY ANALYSIS AND THE ROLE OF MODELS ........... 6

2.1 Understanding Policy Analysis ............................................................................. 6

2.2 The Role and Significance of Models in Policy Analysis ...................................... 8

3. DESCRIPTIVE MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS: FOCUSING ON THE POLICY
PROCESS................................................................................................................ 11

3.1 Introduction to Descriptive Models of Policy Analysis......................................... 11

3.2 The Functional Process Model ........................................................................... 12

3.3 The Elite/Mass Model ......................................................................................... 13

3.4 The Group Model ............................................................................................... 15

3.5 The Systems Model............................................................................................ 16

3.6 The Institutional Model ....................................................................................... 17

4. PRESCRIPTIVE MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS: FOCUSING ON POLICY
OUTCOMES ............................................................................................................ 19

4.1 Introduction to Prescriptive Models of Policy Analysis........................................ 19

4.2 The Rational-Comprehensive Model .................................................................. 20

4.3 The Incremental Model....................................................................................... 22

4.4 The Mixed-Scanning Model ................................................................................ 24

4.5 Synthesis and Relevance of Prescriptive Models ............................................... 26

5. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS ...................... 26

5.2 Empirical versus Normative Foundations ........................................................... 27

5.3 Divergent Assumptions about Human Decision-Making..................................... 28

5.4 Contrasting Views of Power and Politics ............................................................ 29

5.5 Contrasting Perspectives on Policy Success ..................................................... 30

5.6 Relevance to Contemporary Governance and Complex Policy Challenges ....... 31

5.7 Towards an Integrated Policy Analysis Framework ............................................ 32



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6. EVALUATION OF STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS IN ADDRESSING COMPLEX
POLICY CHALLENGES ........................................................................................... 33

7. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 34

LIST OF REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 35




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