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1. Why are individuals important for cultural anthropology?: Individual largely ignored in
anthropology
-agents of change
-source of cultural information
2. Explain the focus of psychological anthropology: Cross-cultural variation
-interplay between culture and personality Ask 4 main questions
1. Universality of psychological development?
2. Difference in psychological development?
3. Perceptions of individuals and psychological development?
4. Understanding culture and culture change through psychology?
3. Kardiner: -primary institutions shape personality
-secondary institutions shaped by basic personality of culture
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4. What are some psychological universals?: -concept of self or person -recognize individuals
-try to discern intentions
-empathize with others
-communicate and recognize a basic set of emotions
5. What are the stages of development?: 1. Sensorimotor- child begins to interact with the environment
2. preoperational- the child begins to represent the world sympathetically
3. concrete-operational-the child learns rules such as conservation
4. formal-operational- the adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future
6. Are all stages of development universal?: They are not. conservation happens at different times
crossculturally
7. Universals regarding childhood: -long period of dependence
-rapid learning= quick changes in behavior and ideas, learning from parents and non parental figures
-personality traits from interaction between genetics, environment, and culture
8. Culturally dependent childhood: -socialization=development of patterns of be- havior, attitudes and
values in children that conform to cultural expectations
-variation in adherence to cultural norms
-variation in what adults expect of children
9. Cross-cultural variation in childrearing: -parental responsiveness to infants and baby holding= time
spent holding baby, responding to crying, feeding on de- mand, sleeping arrangements (western societies
avoid dependance and clinginess)
-parent-child play= rare in non-western societies (create emotional distance, more siblings) but considered
necessary in western societies
-parental acceptance and rejection of children= rejection (hostile and aggressive) acceptance (loving and
trusting)
-compliance or assertiveness= adaption to economics of society, agricultural and pastoral societies (emphasize
responsibility and obedience) foraging societies (em- phasize self-reliance and individual assertiveness) -
attitudes towards aggression= some societies actively encourage aggression (war societies and corporal
punishment), others expect nonviolence
-task assignment= western societies have few tasks that do not affect family survival, non western expect
children to assist in all sorts of chores
-schooling= affects performance on cognitive tests, may not always be useful, issues with test materials
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