NR 601 Final Exam (2026/2027) | Most Recent
Exam Questions | 100% Verified Answers | Exam
Prep Guide | A+
• Biguanides -✓✓- Metformin
- reduce hepatic glucose production and improves peripheral glucose
utilization slightly
- unknown MOA but acts on multiple tissues
- Activates AMP - dependent protein kinase
- promotes mild weight loss, lowers insulin levels, and improves lipid
profile slightly
- affordable
- increase until glycemic target reached or maximum dose (2000 mg
/day)
• Insulin Secretagogues -✓✓- agents that affect the ATP-sensitive K+
channel
- stimulate insulin secretion by interacting with the ATP-sensitive
potassium channel on the beta cell
- most effective on individuals with recent onset of DM2 with residual
insulin production
- enhance glp-1 receptor signaling
- Do not cause hypoglycemia- glucose dependent nature of incretin-
stimulated insulin secretion
, - increases glucoese-stimulated insulin secretion, suppress glucagon,
and slows gastric emptying
• Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors -✓✓- reduce postprandial
hyperglycemia by delaying glucose absorption
- Do not affect glucose utilization or insulin secretion
- taken just before each meal to reduce absorption by inhibiting the
enzyme that absorbs sugar in the intestine
• Thiazolindinediones -✓✓- reduce insulin resistance by binding to the
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Y (PPAR-Y)
- Promote redistribution of fat from the central to peripheral locations
- Circulating insulin decreases with these drugs which reduces insulin
resistance
• SGLT2 Inhibitors -✓✓- lower blood glucose by selectively inhibiting
this co-transporter which is expressed almost exclusively in the
proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney
- inhibits glucose reabsorption, lowers renal threshold for glucose and
leads to increased urinary glucose secretion
• Bile Acid-binding resins -✓✓- signals through nuclear receptors to
alter metabolism
- lower bile acid-binding resins to lower glucose - unknown how
Exam Questions | 100% Verified Answers | Exam
Prep Guide | A+
• Biguanides -✓✓- Metformin
- reduce hepatic glucose production and improves peripheral glucose
utilization slightly
- unknown MOA but acts on multiple tissues
- Activates AMP - dependent protein kinase
- promotes mild weight loss, lowers insulin levels, and improves lipid
profile slightly
- affordable
- increase until glycemic target reached or maximum dose (2000 mg
/day)
• Insulin Secretagogues -✓✓- agents that affect the ATP-sensitive K+
channel
- stimulate insulin secretion by interacting with the ATP-sensitive
potassium channel on the beta cell
- most effective on individuals with recent onset of DM2 with residual
insulin production
- enhance glp-1 receptor signaling
- Do not cause hypoglycemia- glucose dependent nature of incretin-
stimulated insulin secretion
, - increases glucoese-stimulated insulin secretion, suppress glucagon,
and slows gastric emptying
• Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors -✓✓- reduce postprandial
hyperglycemia by delaying glucose absorption
- Do not affect glucose utilization or insulin secretion
- taken just before each meal to reduce absorption by inhibiting the
enzyme that absorbs sugar in the intestine
• Thiazolindinediones -✓✓- reduce insulin resistance by binding to the
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Y (PPAR-Y)
- Promote redistribution of fat from the central to peripheral locations
- Circulating insulin decreases with these drugs which reduces insulin
resistance
• SGLT2 Inhibitors -✓✓- lower blood glucose by selectively inhibiting
this co-transporter which is expressed almost exclusively in the
proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney
- inhibits glucose reabsorption, lowers renal threshold for glucose and
leads to increased urinary glucose secretion
• Bile Acid-binding resins -✓✓- signals through nuclear receptors to
alter metabolism
- lower bile acid-binding resins to lower glucose - unknown how
