Pathophysiology - Chapter Three
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1. Infants are most susceptible c- Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
to significant losses in total
body water because of an in-
Renal mechanisms that regulate fluid and electrolyte conservation
fant's:
are often not mature enough to counter the losses; consequently,
a- High body sur- dehydration may rapidly develop. Infants can be susceptible to
face-to-body size ratio changes in total body water because of their high metabolic rate
and the turnover of body fluids caused by their greater body
b- Slow metabolic rate surface area in proportion to their total body size. The inability to
communicate their thirst is a problem only when they are poorly
c- Kidneys are not mature cared for.
enough to counter fluid loss-
es
d- Inability to communicate
adequately when he or she is
thirsty
2. Obesity creates a greater a- Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
risk for dehydration in peo-
ple because:
The percentage of total body water (TBW) varies with the amount
a- Adipose cells contain little of body fat and age. Because fat is water repelling (hydrophobic),
water because fat is water very little water is contained in adipose cells. Individuals with more
repelling. body fat have proportionately less TBW and tend to be more
susceptible to fluid imbalances that cause dehydration.
b- The metabolic rate of
obese adults is slower than
the rate of lean adults.
c- The rate of urine output of
obese adults is higher than
the rate of output of lean
, Pathophysiology - Chapter Three
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adults.
d- The thirst receptors of the
hypothalamus do not func-
tion effectively.
3. A patient's blood gases re- c- Respiratory acidosis
veal the following findings:
pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) The values provided in this question characterize only acute un-
27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide compensated respiratory acidosis.
(CO2), 58 mm Hg. What is the
interpretation of these gas-
es?
a- Respiratory alkalosis
b- Metabolic acidosis
c- Respiratory acidosis
d- Metabolic alkalosis
4. Water movement between c- Antidiuretic hormone
the intracellular fluid (ICF)
compartment and the extra-
The movement of water between the ICF and ECF compartments
cellular fluid (ECF) compart-
is primarily a function of osmotic forces. (Osmosis and other
ment is primarily a function
mechanisms of passive transport are discussed in Chapter 1.)
of:
a- Osmotic forces
b- Plasma oncotic pressure
c- Antidiuretic hormone
, Pathophysiology - Chapter Three
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d- Hydrostatic forces
5. In addition to osmosis, what d- Hydrostatic pressure
force is involved in the move-
ment of water between the Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid through
plasma and interstitial fluid the forces of only osmosis and hydrostatic pressure, which occur
spaces? across the capillary membrane. Buffers are substances that can
absorb excessive acid or base to minimize pH fluctuations. Net
a- Oncotic pressure filtration is a term used to identify fluid movement in relationship
to the Starling hypothesis. Oncotic pressure encourages water to
b- Buffering cross the barrier of capillaries to enter the circulatory system.
c- Net filtration
d- Hydrostatic pressure
6. Venous obstruction is a a- Capillary hydrostatic
cause of edema because of
an increase in which pres- Venous obstruction can increase the hydrostatic pressure of fluid
sure? in the capillaries enough to cause fluid to escape into the inter-
stitial spaces. The remaining options are not causes of edema
a- Capillary hydrostatic resulting from venous obstruction.
b- Interstitial hydrostatic
c- Capillary oncotic
d- Interstitial oncotic
7. At the arterial end of capillar- b- Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary on-
ies, fluid moves from the in- cotic pressure.
travascular space into the in-
terstitial space because the: At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular
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1. Infants are most susceptible c- Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
to significant losses in total
body water because of an in-
Renal mechanisms that regulate fluid and electrolyte conservation
fant's:
are often not mature enough to counter the losses; consequently,
a- High body sur- dehydration may rapidly develop. Infants can be susceptible to
face-to-body size ratio changes in total body water because of their high metabolic rate
and the turnover of body fluids caused by their greater body
b- Slow metabolic rate surface area in proportion to their total body size. The inability to
communicate their thirst is a problem only when they are poorly
c- Kidneys are not mature cared for.
enough to counter fluid loss-
es
d- Inability to communicate
adequately when he or she is
thirsty
2. Obesity creates a greater a- Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
risk for dehydration in peo-
ple because:
The percentage of total body water (TBW) varies with the amount
a- Adipose cells contain little of body fat and age. Because fat is water repelling (hydrophobic),
water because fat is water very little water is contained in adipose cells. Individuals with more
repelling. body fat have proportionately less TBW and tend to be more
susceptible to fluid imbalances that cause dehydration.
b- The metabolic rate of
obese adults is slower than
the rate of lean adults.
c- The rate of urine output of
obese adults is higher than
the rate of output of lean
, Pathophysiology - Chapter Three
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adults.
d- The thirst receptors of the
hypothalamus do not func-
tion effectively.
3. A patient's blood gases re- c- Respiratory acidosis
veal the following findings:
pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) The values provided in this question characterize only acute un-
27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide compensated respiratory acidosis.
(CO2), 58 mm Hg. What is the
interpretation of these gas-
es?
a- Respiratory alkalosis
b- Metabolic acidosis
c- Respiratory acidosis
d- Metabolic alkalosis
4. Water movement between c- Antidiuretic hormone
the intracellular fluid (ICF)
compartment and the extra-
The movement of water between the ICF and ECF compartments
cellular fluid (ECF) compart-
is primarily a function of osmotic forces. (Osmosis and other
ment is primarily a function
mechanisms of passive transport are discussed in Chapter 1.)
of:
a- Osmotic forces
b- Plasma oncotic pressure
c- Antidiuretic hormone
, Pathophysiology - Chapter Three
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d- Hydrostatic forces
5. In addition to osmosis, what d- Hydrostatic pressure
force is involved in the move-
ment of water between the Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid through
plasma and interstitial fluid the forces of only osmosis and hydrostatic pressure, which occur
spaces? across the capillary membrane. Buffers are substances that can
absorb excessive acid or base to minimize pH fluctuations. Net
a- Oncotic pressure filtration is a term used to identify fluid movement in relationship
to the Starling hypothesis. Oncotic pressure encourages water to
b- Buffering cross the barrier of capillaries to enter the circulatory system.
c- Net filtration
d- Hydrostatic pressure
6. Venous obstruction is a a- Capillary hydrostatic
cause of edema because of
an increase in which pres- Venous obstruction can increase the hydrostatic pressure of fluid
sure? in the capillaries enough to cause fluid to escape into the inter-
stitial spaces. The remaining options are not causes of edema
a- Capillary hydrostatic resulting from venous obstruction.
b- Interstitial hydrostatic
c- Capillary oncotic
d- Interstitial oncotic
7. At the arterial end of capillar- b- Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary on-
ies, fluid moves from the in- cotic pressure.
travascular space into the in-
terstitial space because the: At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular
