NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 (2026-2027
Latest Update) with Carefully Selected
Questions and Accurate Answers / 100%
Solved & Already Graded A+
What is ventilation?
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion?
the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to?
increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to?
decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces?
lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces?
surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance?
opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction; primarily
determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs?
,ease with which the lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in?
neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in?
elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant?
complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles
containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which
reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing
to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant?
produced by the Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law?
velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law?
resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down?
the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs?
the top of the lungs are more distended and less compliant
whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion?
lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to?
vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to?
pulmonary hypertension
,What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion?
capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity?
acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity?
alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia?
deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic substance
What is ischemia?
greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system,
producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia?
increased level of CO2 in the blood
, What are S&S of acute hypoxia?
dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors;
diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to
coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia?
respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from increase in CO2); lethargy
and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias;
seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea?
subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to?
decreased sense of wellness which may cause psychological and
social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death?
lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by?
cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer?
cough, hemoptysis (blood in cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas?
squamous cell lung carcinoma (25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
What is acute airway obstruction caused by?
foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
What is complete acute airway obstruction?
Latest Update) with Carefully Selected
Questions and Accurate Answers / 100%
Solved & Already Graded A+
What is ventilation?
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion?
the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to?
increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to?
decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces?
lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces?
surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance?
opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction; primarily
determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs?
,ease with which the lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in?
neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in?
elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant?
complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles
containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which
reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing
to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant?
produced by the Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law?
velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law?
resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down?
the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs?
the top of the lungs are more distended and less compliant
whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion?
lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to?
vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to?
pulmonary hypertension
,What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion?
capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity?
acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity?
alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia?
deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic substance
What is ischemia?
greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system,
producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia?
increased level of CO2 in the blood
, What are S&S of acute hypoxia?
dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors;
diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to
coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia?
respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from increase in CO2); lethargy
and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias;
seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea?
subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to?
decreased sense of wellness which may cause psychological and
social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death?
lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by?
cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer?
cough, hemoptysis (blood in cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas?
squamous cell lung carcinoma (25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
What is acute airway obstruction caused by?
foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
What is complete acute airway obstruction?
